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Turnaround maintenance is a critical downstream activity for refineries and petrochemical plants, involving periodic shutdowns for maintenance, repair, and inspection to ensure operational safety and efficiency.

Commodity trading is an activity spanning both upstream and downstream operations, involving the buying and selling of raw and refined petroleum products in various markets and exchanges.

Reservoir engineering is an upstream aspect dealing with the assessment of oil and gas deposits and designing methods of extraction that maximize economic recovery.

Offshore drilling rigs are crucial upstream installations for extracting oil and gas from beneath the seafloor, involving specialized floating or fixed structures.

Product retailing is a downstream activity involving the direct sale of refined petroleum products to consumers, primarily through gas stations.

Drilling is an upstream activity involving the creation of wellbores to access reservoirs of hydrocarbons beneath the earth's surface.

Exploratory drilling is an upstream activity focused on drilling wells in unproven areas to discover new hydrocarbon reserves.

Retail logistics in the downstream sector includes the supply chain management and delivery of petroleum products to end-users, ensuring the right products reach the right locations timely.

Upstream refers to the exploration and production phase of oil and gas. Activities include seismic surveys, drilling of exploratory wells, and extraction of crude oil and natural gas.

Pipeline transportation is mainly considered a downstream activity, involving the movement of oil and gas from production sites to refineries and then to distribution centers or end users.

Downstream relates to refining, marketing and distributing petroleum products. Activities cover refining crude oil, processing and purifying natural gas, and marketing and distribution of products derived from petroleum.

Marketing and distribution are downstream activities, where companies sell and transport petroleum products to consumers or other businesses, often through a network of gas stations and distributors.

Refining is a downstream process transforming crude oil into usable products such as gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuels through various chemical processes.

Oilfield services are an upstream-specific set of activities provided by specialized companies, including drilling, logging, cementing, and well testing, that support the exploration and production of oil and gas.

Seismic surveys are upstream activities where sound waves are used to create images of the earth's subsurface, helping to locate potential oil and gas reserves.

Licensing and regulation compliance is an activity that spans both upstream and downstream sectors, involving adherence to laws and regulations set by governments and industry groups.

LNG liquefaction, often categorized as downstream, is the process of cooling natural gas to a liquid state for easier storage and transportation, especially for long distances.

Crude oil storage, an upstream activity, refers to the holding of oil in large tanks before it’s transported to refineries for processing.

Producing petrochemicals is a downstream process that uses petroleum-derived compounds to create chemicals and plastics used in manufacturing a wide range of products.