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Historical Relevance: Capital of various dynasties including the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang. Modern Equivalent: A major cultural, industrial and educational center in central-northwest China.

Historical Relevance: Major city of the Indus Valley Civilization and one of the world's earliest major urban centers. Modern Equivalent: Archaeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.

Historical Relevance: Former capital of Japan known for its classical Buddhist temples, as well as gardens, imperial palaces. Modern Equivalent: A city on the island of Honshu in Japan, famous for its numerous classical temples and traditions.

Historical Relevance: Home to the magnificent Angkor Wat, capital of the Khmer Empire. Modern Equivalent: A major archaeological site and tourist attraction in Cambodia.

Historical Relevance: Ancient city in Myanmar, known for its thousands of Buddhist temples, pagodas and stupas. Modern Equivalent: A major tourist destination and archaeological zone.

Historical Relevance: Second Siamese capital after Sukhothai, known for its high court culture and historical park. Modern Equivalent: City in Thailand featuring ruins of the old city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Historical Relevance: First permanent capital of Japan, known for its preserved temples and artwork. Modern Equivalent: A city in Japan, capital of Nara Prefecture, notable for its historic monuments.

Historical Relevance: Urban center of the Indus Valley Civilization, known for its sophisticated urban planning. Modern Equivalent: An archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan.

Historical Relevance: Capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, known for its ruins of temples and infrastructures. Modern Equivalent: A village and temple town in Karnataka, India, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Historical Relevance: An ancient Silk Road city, known for its Islamic architecture. Modern Equivalent: A city in Uzbekistan, noted for its landmarks including Registan Square and mausoleums.

Historical Relevance: Ancient city and capital of many Indian empires, including the Maurya and Gupta empires. Modern Equivalent: Patna, the capital of the Indian state of Bihar.

Historical Relevance: The medieval capital of Bengal for several dynasties. Modern Equivalent: Ruins straddling the India-Bangladesh border, known for historical structures like mosques and palaces.

Historical Relevance: A major stop on the ancient Silk Road, home to the Mogao Caves with their exquisite buddhist art. Modern Equivalent: A city in China's northwestern Gansu province, remaining a tourist destination and museum for Silk Road history.

Historical Relevance: The second capital of Sri Lanka after the destruction of Anuradhapura, known for its ancient ruins. Modern Equivalent: A town in Sri Lanka, noted for its archaeological park with hundreds of ancient structures including tombs, temples, statues and stupas.