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Diplomacy in Space: Treaties and Agreements
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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
1996, Not yet entered into force, signed by 184 countries but requires ratification by 44 specific nuclear technology holder states
The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCOC)
2002, Subscribed to by over 140 countries including most of the European Union, Russia, and Canada
International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities (proposed)
Proposed in 2012 by the European Union, but not yet agreed upon
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations
Multiple revisions, the latest in 2019, with participation from virtually all countries
Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization Convention
2005, Signed by countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including China and Pakistan
Treaty on Open Skies
1992, Signed by USA, Russia and members of NATO and the former Warsaw Pact
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty)
1972, USA and USSR
The European Union's Satellite Centre
Established in 2002, located in Spain
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water
1963, Signed by over 100 countries, including the United States, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)
1972, USA and USSR
Moon Agreement
1979, Not signed by major spacefaring nations
International Charter Space and Major Disasters
2000, A worldwide collaboration among space agencies
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space
1967, United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
1968, 191 state parties including the USA, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom
Artemis Accords
2020, Initiated by NASA, with signatories including the USA, Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom
Rescue Agreement
1968, Signed by 24 countries initially, including the USA and USSR
Treaty on Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof
1971, Signed by over 90 states including the United States, Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I)
1991, USA and USSR (later Russia)
ISS Intergovernmental Agreement
1998, Signed by 15 nations, including the USA, Russia, Japan, Canada, and ESA member states
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
1986, Signed by over 120 countries, under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Space Liability Convention
1972, Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly
Outer Space Treaty
1967, United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom
New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START)
2010, USA and Russia
Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
1992, North Korea and South Korea
Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines
2002, Developed by space agencies including those from the USA, Russia, Europe, and Japan
Registration Convention
1975, Signatories include the United States and the Soviet Union
Agreement on the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
1979, Not widely ratified, signatories do not include Russia or the USA
U.N. Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities
2019, Adopted by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)
Beijing Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation
2010, 22 ratifications including China, but not yet ratified by major aviation countries such as the USA
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