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Ancient Greece, heavily armored infantry formation designed to provide a solid frontal defense and offensive capability.

Various periods, including the Medieval era, used primarily by cavalry to break through enemy lines or to target specific points.

19th Century, a mobile detachment of troops intended to move quickly and independently of the main body to engage in guerrilla actions.

Viking Age and Medieval Europe, a defensive tactic used by infantry that relied on the soldiers' shields to form a barrier.

19th Century, used to defend against cavalry charges by forming a hollow square with bayonets or pikes at the ready on all sides.

Used from the ancient world up to the Napoleonic Wars, a formation that facilitates quick movement of troops across a battlefield or during a march.

Hellenistic Period, an evolution of the Greek phalanx utilized by Alexander the Great that relied on very long spears (sarissas) and a high level of discipline.

Roman Republic and Roman Empire, a flexible formation that allowed for both offensive and defensive maneuvers, capable of road-building and fortification.

Medieval Scotland, a defensive circle or square formation of pikemen to fend off cavalry charges, particularly used by the Scots during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

Roman Empire, used to protect soldiers from above during sieges or advances against enemy fortifications.

16th and 17th centuries; a combination of pike and shot units arranged to maximize the defensive strength of pikemen and the firepower of musketeers.

16th to 17th centuries; a Spanish formation combining pikes and firearms to dominate the battlefield.

Used from the 17th to 19th centuries, a formation where troops would stand side by side in a line to maximize their firing range against the enemy.

Throughout history up to World War I, an offensive maneuver where mounted troops move at full speed toward the enemy, often with drawn sabers or lances.