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20th Century Economic Crises
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The Great Depression
Unprecedented high unemployment rates; implementation of the New Deal; establishment of social security and financial regulation
1973 Oil Crisis
Surge in oil prices due to OAPEC embargo; economic stagflation; promotion of energy conservation and alternative energy sources
Latin American Debt Crisis
Economic stagnation in Latin American countries; implementation of structural adjustment programs by the IMF; shift to neoliberal policies
1997 Asian Financial Crisis
Currency devaluations across Asia; IMF bailouts; financial sector reforms and tighter regulation
Black Tuesday (1929)
Stock market crash; bank failures; reduction in consumer spending and investment
Stagflation of the 1970s
High inflation combined with high unemployment; monetary policies by central banks; eventual move towards supply-side economics
Dot-com Bubble (2000)
Collapse of Internet company valuations; market correction; greater scrutiny on tech startups and investments
1923 German Hyperinflation
Exorbitant rise in prices; issuance of Rentenmark to stabilize currency; introduction of fiscal and monetary reforms
Stock Market Crash of 1987
Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 22.6%; introduction of circuit breakers and trading curbs; implementation of modernized trading systems
UK Sterling Crisis (1992)
Withdrawal of the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism; fiscal and economic policy adjustments; increase in UK interest rates
Savings and Loan Crisis
Collapse of savings and loan associations in the United States; Federal government bailout; Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989
Russian Financial Crisis (1998)
Devaluation of the ruble; default on debt; structural reforms and assistance from international financial institutions
Zimbabwe Hyperinflation (2008)
Inflation reached astronomical levels; introduction of foreign currencies; eventual abandonment of the Zimbabwean dollar
Mexican Peso Crisis (1994-1995)
Rapid devaluation of the Mexican peso; implementation of the 'Bailout package'; restructuring of the financial and banking system
Argentine Economic Crisis (1999-2002)
Massive government default; devaluation of Argentine peso; drastic socioeconomic changes and restructuring
Brazilian Economic Crisis (1980s)
Severe inflation; implementation of various economic plans; privatization and economic restructuring
Southeast Asian Crisis (1997-1998)
Similar to the impact and recovery measures of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis with more emphasis on social impact and restructuring within Southeast Asian countries.
Turkish Economic Crisis (2001)
Drastic devaluation of the Turkish lira; economic reforms and IMF support; restructuring of the banking sector and public finance management
Japanese Asset Price Bubble (1990s)
Collapse of asset prices leading to a 'Lost Decade'; low interest rate policy; structural reforms in the banking and real estate sectors
Icelandic Financial Crisis (2008)
Collapse of major banks; large external debt; capital controls; fiscal austerity and monetary interventions
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