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20th Century Economic Crises

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The Great Depression

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Unprecedented high unemployment rates; implementation of the New Deal; establishment of social security and financial regulation

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1973 Oil Crisis

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Surge in oil prices due to OAPEC embargo; economic stagflation; promotion of energy conservation and alternative energy sources

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Latin American Debt Crisis

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Economic stagnation in Latin American countries; implementation of structural adjustment programs by the IMF; shift to neoliberal policies

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1997 Asian Financial Crisis

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Currency devaluations across Asia; IMF bailouts; financial sector reforms and tighter regulation

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Black Tuesday (1929)

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Stock market crash; bank failures; reduction in consumer spending and investment

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Stagflation of the 1970s

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High inflation combined with high unemployment; monetary policies by central banks; eventual move towards supply-side economics

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Dot-com Bubble (2000)

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Collapse of Internet company valuations; market correction; greater scrutiny on tech startups and investments

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1923 German Hyperinflation

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Exorbitant rise in prices; issuance of Rentenmark to stabilize currency; introduction of fiscal and monetary reforms

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Stock Market Crash of 1987

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Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 22.6%; introduction of circuit breakers and trading curbs; implementation of modernized trading systems

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UK Sterling Crisis (1992)

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Withdrawal of the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism; fiscal and economic policy adjustments; increase in UK interest rates

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Savings and Loan Crisis

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Collapse of savings and loan associations in the United States; Federal government bailout; Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989

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Russian Financial Crisis (1998)

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Devaluation of the ruble; default on debt; structural reforms and assistance from international financial institutions

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Zimbabwe Hyperinflation (2008)

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Inflation reached astronomical levels; introduction of foreign currencies; eventual abandonment of the Zimbabwean dollar

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Mexican Peso Crisis (1994-1995)

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Rapid devaluation of the Mexican peso; implementation of the 'Bailout package'; restructuring of the financial and banking system

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Argentine Economic Crisis (1999-2002)

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Massive government default; devaluation of Argentine peso; drastic socioeconomic changes and restructuring

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Brazilian Economic Crisis (1980s)

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Severe inflation; implementation of various economic plans; privatization and economic restructuring

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Southeast Asian Crisis (1997-1998)

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Similar to the impact and recovery measures of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis with more emphasis on social impact and restructuring within Southeast Asian countries.

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Turkish Economic Crisis (2001)

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Drastic devaluation of the Turkish lira; economic reforms and IMF support; restructuring of the banking sector and public finance management

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Japanese Asset Price Bubble (1990s)

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Collapse of asset prices leading to a 'Lost Decade'; low interest rate policy; structural reforms in the banking and real estate sectors

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Icelandic Financial Crisis (2008)

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Collapse of major banks; large external debt; capital controls; fiscal austerity and monetary interventions

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