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The Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control, prompting the Berlin Airlift; 1948-1949.

A 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba; 1962.

A war between North Korea with the support of China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea with the support of the United Nations, primarily the USA; 1950-1953.

A prolonged conflict between the communist forces of North Vietnam, backed by the Soviet Union and China, and the non-communist forces of South Vietnam, backed by the United States; 1955-1975.

A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union; crushed by the Warsaw Pact invasion; 1968.

A nationwide revolt against the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, crushed by the Soviet military; 1956.

The American public's reaction to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik, the first artificial Earth satellite; it led to the Space Race; 1957.

A United States U-2 spy plane was shot down while in Soviet airspace, leading to a diplomatic crisis; 1960.

A failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506; 1961.

The last major politico-military European incident of the Cold War about the occupational status of the German capital city, leading to the creation of the Berlin Wall; 1961.

Conflict involving insurgent groups fighting against the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan; the Soviet Union intervened directly in 1979.

A political upheaval in Poland that saw a decrease in Soviet influence in the Polish government; 1956.

A non-violent transition of power in Czechoslovakia, marking the fall of communism in that country; 1989.

The deterioration of relations between Albania and the Soviet Union, resulting in Albania's shift towards China; 1961.

An American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II; announced in 1948.$

Two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union on the issue of arms control; SALT I (1969-1972) and SALT II (1979).

A collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War; established in 1955.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization—a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states and to serve as a counter-balance to the Warsaw Pact; established in 1949.

An international organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc; the first large-scale meeting of this movement was in 1961.