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Time Period: Late 17th to early 19th century, Main Ideas: Reason, individualism, skepticism of traditional institutions, Key Figures: Voltaire, John Locke, Immanuel Kant

Time Period: 14th to 17th century, Main Ideas: Revival of classical learning and wisdom, humanism, emphasis on arts and education, Key Figures: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Niccolò Machiavelli

Time Period: Late 18th to mid-19th century, Main Ideas: Emphasis on emotion and individualism, glorification of the past and nature, Key Figures: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Caspar David Friedrich

Time Period: 1920s, Main Ideas: Celebration of African American culture, racial pride, artistic expression across all mediums, Key Figures: Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Louis Armstrong

Time Period: 19th to 20th century, Main Ideas: Individuality, freedom, and personal responsibility, authenticity, the absurd, Key Figures: Søren Kierkegaard, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus

Time Period: 20th century, Main Ideas: Release of the unconscious mind, expression through unlikely juxtapositions, dream-like scenes, Key Figures: Salvador Dalí, André Breton, Max Ernst

Time Period: Late 19th century, Main Ideas: Light, ordinary subject matter, visible brush strokes, Key Figures: Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Time Period: 1950s, Main Ideas: Rejection of standard narrative values, spiritual quest, exploration of American culture, Key Figures: Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs

Time Period: Mid-19th century, Main Ideas: Individual intuition as the highest source of knowledge, idealism, self-reliance, Key Figures: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller

Time Period: Early 20th century, Main Ideas: Ridicule of contemporary culture and traditional art forms, nihilism, anti-war politics, Key Figures: Tristan Tzara, Marcel Duchamp, Hugo Ball

Time Period: 1940s-1950s, Main Ideas: Spontaneity, powerful expressions of emotion through non-traditional means, gesture, colour fields, Key Figures: Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning

Time Period: Early 20th century, Main Ideas: Speed, technology, youth, violence, industrialization, Key Figures: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla

Time Period: Early 20th century, Main Ideas: Abstracted forms, multiple perspectives, geometric shapes, Key Figures: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris

Time Period: 1915-1930s, Main Ideas: Integration of art and industrial production, functional design, elimination of 'art for art's sake', Key Figures: Vladimir Tatlin, Alexander Rodchenko, El Lissitzky

Time Period: 1919-1933, Main Ideas: Unity of art, craft, and technology, functionalism, minimalism, Key Figures: Walter Gropius, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky

Time Period: Late 19th to early 20th century, Main Ideas: Symbolism, pure color and line to express inner feelings, structural and formal properties of light, Key Figures: Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat

Time Period: 1950s-1970s, Main Ideas: Critique of contemporary consumer culture and commodities, concept of psychogeography, Key Figures: Guy Debord, Michèle Bernstein, Raoul Vaneigem

Time Period: 1960s, Main Ideas: Simplicity, monochromatic, geometric shapes, industrial materials, Key Figures: Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, Frank Stella

Time Period: 1920s-1930s, Main Ideas: Luxury, glamour, exuberance, technology, modernity, Key Figures: Tamara de Lempicka, René Lalique, Erté