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Founders: John Locke, Adam Smith; Main Concepts: Individual liberty, democracy, rule of law, economic freedom; Historical Influence: Influenced revolutions in America and France, development of Western political systems.

Founders: Edmund Burke; Main Concepts: Tradition, authority, organic society; Historical Influence: Reaction to the French Revolution, shaping modern-day center-right political parties.

Founders: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels; Main Concepts: Social ownership, collective management, equality; Historical Influence: Formation of numerous socialist states in the 20th century, influence on social democracy.

Founders: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels; Main Concepts: Classless society, stateless society, common ownership; Historical Influence: Russian Revolution, Cold War politics, numerous revolutions globally.

Founders: Adam Smith; Main Concepts: Private property, free markets, capital accumulation; Historical Influence: Industrial Revolution, spread of global trade, modern economic systems.

Founders: Benito Mussolini; Main Concepts: Authoritarian nationalism, state control without direct ownership, social Darwinism; Historical Influence: World War II, authoritarian regimes in the 20th century.

Founders: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin; Main Concepts: Statelessness, self-governance, voluntary institutions; Historical Influence: Influenced labor movements, Spanish Civil War, various social movements.

Founders: Murray Rothbard, Friedrich Hayek; Main Concepts: Individual freedom, minimal state intervention, free-market capitalism; Historical Influence: Influenced policy in the United States, global economic discussions.

Founders: Rachel Carson, Aldo Leopold; Main Concepts: Conservation of the environment, sustainable practices, biodiversity protection; Historical Influence: Environmental policies worldwide, international treaties like the Paris Agreement.

Founders: Mary Wollstonecraft, Simone de Beauvoir; Main Concepts: Gender equality, women's rights, intersectionality; Historical Influence: Women's suffrage movements, gender legislation, social norms.

Founders: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels; Main Concepts: Class struggle, dialectical materialism, proletarian revolution; Historical Influence: Russian Revolution, formation of communist states, academic thought.

Founders: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill; Main Concepts: Greatest happiness principle, consequentialism, utility maximization; Historical Influence: Influences in economics, law, and ethics.

Founders: Thomas Hobbes; Main Concepts: Absolute monarchy, divine right of kings, centralization of power; Historical Influence: Shaped European monarchies, particularly France under Louis XIV.

Founders: Johann Gottfried Herder, Giuseppe Mazzini; Main Concepts: National self-determination, cultural unity, patriotism; Historical Influence: Unification of Italy and Germany, anti-colonial movements, World Wars.

Founders: No specific founder; Main Concepts: Total state control over public and private life, regimentation, propaganda; Historical Influence: Nazi Germany, Stalin's Soviet Union, various dictatorships.

Founders: No specific founder; Main Concepts: Rule by a monarch, divine right, nobility; Historical Influence: Feudalism, traditional governance in Europe and Asia, constitutional monarchies.

Founders: Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche; Main Concepts: Individual existence, freedom of choice, authenticity; Historical Influence: Influenced 20th-century philosophy, literature, and the arts.

Founders: Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman; Main Concepts: Free markets, deregulation, privatization; Historical Influence: Economic policies in the late 20th century, globalization, reduced state intervention.

Founders: No specific founder; Main Concepts: Civic virtue, anti-monarchism, elected representatives; Historical Influence: Roman Republic, US Constitution, French Revolution.

Founders: Mao Zedong; Main Concepts: Peasant-based revolution, Cultural Revolution, 'continuous revolution'; Historical Influence: Chinese Revolution, various guerilla movements worldwide.

Founders: No specific founder; Main Concepts: Rule by religious authorities, divine law, state religion; Historical Influence: Various historical kingdoms, Iran post-1979 Revolution, Vatican City.

Founders: Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida; Main Concepts: Skepticism towards grand narratives, deconstruction, relativism; Historical Influence: Philosophy, arts, criticism of cultural norms.

Founders: No specific founder; Main Concepts: Combination of democratic political system and socialist economy, welfare state, social ownership; Historical Influence: Nordic model, influence on left-leaning political parties.

Founders: Theodor Herzl; Main Concepts: Jewish nationalism, establishment of a Jewish state, self-determination; Historical Influence: Creation of Israel, Jewish migration, Middle East dynamics.