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Prominent Philosophers and Their Doctrines

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Socrates

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Socratic method, virtuous knowledge, ethical living, Classical Greece Era

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Plato

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Theory of Forms, The Academy, importance of the philosopher king, Classical Greece Era

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Aristotle

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Empiricism, virtue ethics, Golden Mean, Classical Greece Era

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Confucius

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The Analects, importance of rituals, filial piety, Spring and Autumn period of China

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Laozi

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Daoism, concept of Wu Wei (effortless action), natural order, Eastern Zhou dynasty

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Immanuel Kant

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Deontological ethics, Critique of Pure Reason, categorical imperative, Enlightenment Era

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René Descartes

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Cartesian Dualism, Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am), Scientific Revolution Era

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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Critique of traditional morals, Übermensch, will to power, Late 19th Century

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Karl Marx

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Marxism, critique of capitalism, class struggle, 19th Century

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Jean-Paul Sartre

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Existentialism, Being and Nothingness, philosophy of freedom, 20th Century

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Thomas Aquinas

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Synthesis of Aristotelianism and Christianity, Natural Law, Summa Theologica, High Medieval Period

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Søren Kierkegaard

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Father of existentialism, subjectivity is truth, Leap of Faith, 19th Century

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John Locke

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Tabula rasa, social contract, empiricism, Age of Enlightenment

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David Hume

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Empiricism, skepticism, naturalism, Enlightenment Era

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George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

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Hegelianism, dialectic process, absolute idealism, Early 19th Century

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Arthur Schopenhauer

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Pessimism, the will to live, aesthetic contemplation, 19th Century

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Baruch Spinoza

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Pantheism, ethical living through understanding of the universe, 17th Century

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Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

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Aristotelianism, Islamic philosophy, medicine, 10th - 11th Century

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Social contract, natural human goodness, direct democracy, Enlightenment Era

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Language games, picture theory of language, logical positivism, 20th Century

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Martin Heidegger

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Ontology, phenomenology, existence precedes essence, 20th Century

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Simone de Beauvoir

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Feminist existentialism, ethics of ambiguity, 20th Century

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Michel Foucault

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Power/knowledge, discourse analysis, social institutions, Late 20th Century

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John Stuart Mill

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Utilitarianism, harm principle, On Liberty, 19th Century

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St. Augustine of Hippo

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Christian Neoplatonism, Original Sin, just war theory, Late Antiquity

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Blaise Pascal

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Pascal's Wager, work in probability theory, Jansenism, 17th Century

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Hannah Arendt

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Banality of evil, vita activa vs. vita contemplativa, 20th Century

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Adam Smith

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Classical economics, division of labor, invisible hand, 18th Century

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Voltaire

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Advocacy of freedom of speech, religious tolerance, criticism of church and state, Enlightenment Era

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

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Philosophy of history, absolute idealism, master-slave dialectic, Early 19th Century

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Edmund Husserl

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Phenomenology, epoche, intentionality, Early 20th Century

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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Monadology, pre-established harmony, calculus, Late 17th - Early 18th Century

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Bertrand Russell

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Analytic philosophy, logicism, philosophy of language, 20th Century

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Zeno of Elea

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Paradoxes, Eleatic philosophy, pre-Socratic Greek era

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