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Evidence that requires a judge or jury to make inferences to determine a fact. It is indirect evidence from which facts are inferred.

Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries. It is often subject to the rules of evidence to test reliability.

Evidence favorable to the defendant in a criminal trial that exonerates or tends to exonerate the defendant of guilt. It is the responsibility of the prosecution to disclose this type of evidence.

Evidence used to show that a person acted in a particular way because of that person's character. This type of evidence is often restricted in criminal cases.

A legal doctrine allowing certain facts to be accepted as true without formal presentation of evidence because they are commonly known or are easily verifiable.

Evidence that directly proves a fact, without the need for any inference or presumption. It is often provided by witnesses who testify to what they directly observed.

Evidence in the form of documents. This can include written records, emails, contracts, wills, and other written instruments.

Evidence that is sufficient to prove a fact unless contradicted and overcome by other evidence. It establishes a legally required rebuttable presumption.

A statement made by a party to a lawsuit, used as evidence against that party. Commonly referred to as an admission.

Evidence in the form of physical demonstrations or visual aids used at trial to clarify factual matters for the jury. Examples include maps, videos, and diagrams.

Testimony from individuals with specialized skill sets or knowledge relevant to the case, presented to assist the fact-finder in understanding complex issues.

Tangible items that tend to prove some material fact; also known as real evidence. It includes things like weapons, clothing, fingerprints, and DNA.

A statement made out of court that is offered in court as evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. It is typically inadmissible due to the lack of cross-examination.

Informal evidence based on personal testimony or singular examples rather than data or research. It is often considered unreliable in court.

Evidence that suggests the defendant's guilt in a criminal trial. It can include anything from a confession to DNA that places the defendant at a crime scene.

Evidence obtained through scientific techniques used during the investigation of crimes. Examples include DNA analysis, fingerprinting, and ballistics.

Evidence based on what the witness thinks, believes, or infers in regard to facts in dispute, as opposed to direct knowledge of the facts themselves.

Information and data of probative value that are stored or transmitted in binary form. Often involves electronic transaction records, emails, texts, and digital photographs.

A process that ensures that evidence has been handled in a meticulously documented manner, which helps prevent questions about its authenticity and integrity.

A statement made by a person who believes they are about to die, concerning the cause or circumstances of what they believe to be their impending death. It is an exception to the hearsay rule.

A private statement protected by law from being disclosed in court, such as communications between spouses, attorneys and their clients, or doctors and their patients.

A statement regarding an event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition. It falls under an exception to the hearsay rule.

Evidence that is accepted as true and shifts the burden of proof to the opposing party to prove otherwise, usually as outlined by law or common practice.

The process by which the proponent of evidence proves that the evidence is what it claims to be. It often involves chain of custody documentation or witness testimony.