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Historical Changes in Criminal Law
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Magna Carta (1215)
Foundation for the principle of due process and rights of the accused.
Habeas Corpus Act (1679)
Strengthened the right to challenge unlawful detention or imprisonment.
Code of Hammurabi (c. 1754 BC)
Early codification of laws with scaled punishments.
Napoleonic Code (1804)
Standardized legal systems across conquered regions and influenced civil law systems.
Reform Act 1832 (UK)
Expanded the electorate and influenced reforms in law enforcement.
Advent of Fingerprinting (Late 19th Century)
Revolutionized criminal investigation and identification techniques.
Prohibition (1920-1933 in the United States)
Led to the rise of organized crime and changed law enforcement approaches.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Established the Miranda Rights for those in police custody.
Civil Rights Act (1964)
Provided federal enforcement of protection against discrimination.
Patriot Act (2001)
Expanded law enforcement's surveillance and investigative powers to counter terrorism.
Cybercrime Convention (2001)
International treaty to harmonize national laws on cybercrime and improve investigative techniques.
Decriminalization of Homosexuality (1960s-present)
Led to the reduction or elimination of criminal penalties for consensual same-sex activities.
RICO Act (1970)
Allowed for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization.
The Geneva Conventions (1949)
Laid down comprehensive rules of international law for humanitarian treatment in war, influencing war crime legislation.
Legalization of Cannabis (2000s-present)
Has altered criminal justice policies regarding drug possession and distribution.
Mental Health Systems Act (1980)
Focused on improving the provision of services to the mentally ill, affecting their treatments within the criminal law system.
Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003 in Canada)
Introduced a separate justice system for young offenders.
Gun Control Act (1968 in the United States)
Regulated the firearms industry and firearms owners, primarily to prohibit interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers, and importers.
Fair Sentencing Act (2010)
Reduced the sentencing disparity between offenses for crack and powder cocaine in the United States.
DNA Profiling (1980s)
Transformed criminal investigations and the reliability of forensic evidence used in court.
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