Discover published sets by community

1896, established the doctrine of 'separate but equal', which was later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in the context of segregation.

1963, determined that the prosecution must turn over all evidence that might exonerate the defendant to the defense.

2002, held that a jury, rather than a judge, must find the aggravating factors necessary for imposing the death penalty.

1972, temporarily halted capital punishment in the U.S., as it was found to be applied in a discriminatory manner and thus constituted cruel and unusual punishment.

2004, determined that defendants have the right to confront their accusers and that out-of-court statements that are testimonial are not admissible unless the witness is unavailable, and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine.

2000, ruled that any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

1963, ruled that the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel means that criminal defendants are entitled to legal representation, even if they cannot afford it.

1984, established the standard for determining when a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated by inadequate legal representation.

1985, ruled that the use of deadly force to prevent the escape of an unarmed, non-dangerous fleeing suspect is an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment.

1983, established a flexible 'totality of the circumstances' test for determining the probable cause needed for a search warrant.

1966, established Miranda rights, requiring law enforcement to advise suspects of their rights to silence and counsel upon arrest.

1961, established the exclusionary rule, preventing illegally obtained evidence from being used in court.

2005, held that executing individuals who were under 18 at the time of their capital crimes is unconstitutional.

1968, established that stop-and-frisk searches could be constitutional without probable cause for arrest, if there is reasonable suspicion of a crime.

1976, reinstated the death penalty under a new set of guidelines intended to remove arbitrariness and discrimination in its application.

1987, affirmed the government's right to detain arrestees before trial if they are deemed dangerous to the community.

1986, prohibited the use of peremptory challenges to exclude jurors on the basis of race, establishing the Batson challenge.

1970, recognized the validity of a guilty plea by a defendant who simultaneously maintains their innocence, under the condition that a sufficient factual basis for the plea exists.

2009, held that police may only search a vehicle incident to arrest if the arrestee is unsecured and within reach of the passenger compartment at the time or it's reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest.