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French Revolution Key Concepts
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Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) was a period of extreme political repression and mass executions led by the Committee of Public Safety. Key figures like Robespierre used it to consolidate power and eliminate opposition.
Maximilien Robespierre
Robespierre was a radical Jacobin leader and one of the main figures during the Revolution. He played a significant role in the Reign of Terror and was eventually executed in 1794, marking the end of this radical phase.
Louis XVI
King Louis XVI was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. His indecisiveness and inability to reform effectively led to his execution by guillotine in January 1793.
Estates-General
The Estates-General was the legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners) before the French Revolution. It had a significant impact as its convening in 1789 led to the formation of the National Assembly and the start of the Revolution.
National Assembly
The National Assembly was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General. This change in the structure began on June 17, 1789, and marked the first step towards French democracy.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Adopted in August 1789, this document laid out the fundamental principles of the Revolution, proclaiming liberty, equality, and fraternity as the rights of every man. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law.
Girondins
The Girondins were a moderate political faction during the French Revolution. They favored a decentralized republic and were eventually outmaneuvered by the more radical Jacobins, leading to their decline.
Women's March on Versailles
On October 5, 1789, a crowd of women marched on Versailles in protest over high food prices and scarcity. Their actions resulted in King Louis XVI being brought back to Paris, essentially becoming a prisoner of the Revolution.
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette, queen consort of Louis XVI, became a symbol of the monarchy's decadence and disregard for the poor. She was executed in October 1793, which embodied the fall of the old regime.
Bastille
The fall of Bastille on July 14, 1789, symbolized the end of the king's authority and became a symbol of the French Revolution. Its storming was a pivotal event that galvanized the revolutionary movement.
Committee of Public Safety
During the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety was created to protect the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion. It became notorious for its autocratic rule and mass executions.
The Directory
The Directory was a five-member committee that governed France from 1795 until being overthrown by Napoleon in 1799. It was the final government of the Revolution and was known for its corruption and inefficiency.
Napoleon Bonaparte
A military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and later became Emperor, Napoleon's rule established many reforms but also led to several European wars. His impact on France and Europe was profound.
The Tennis Court Oath
The Tennis Court Oath was a pivotal event during the early stages of the Revolution where members of the Third Estate, on June 20, 1789, vowed not to disband until a constitution was established.
Jacobins
The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless faction during the French Revolution. They were led by Robespierre, and their period of control is marked by the Reign of Terror. They aimed for a centralized republic.
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