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Advocated for civil liberties, freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state. He influenced the development of social science and classical liberalism.

Co-founder of the Encyclopédie which aimed to summarize all the world's knowledge and propagate enlightenment ideas. He championed secularism and the pursuit of knowledge.

His empiricism, skepticism, and naturalist philosophy advanced the idea that reason cannot explain everything and influenced the development of modern philosophy, economics, and psychology.

Established a doctrine of transcendental idealism. His categorical imperative has been a central moral and philosophical concept.

Known as the father of modern economics. His ideas about the invisible hand and laissez-faire economics have shaped economic policies and theories.

One of the earliest feminist thinkers; in 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman', she argued for women's education and equality to men.

Famous for the idea of the separation of powers in government, which influenced the formation of many modern democracies.

His work 'On Crimes and Punishments' condemned torture and the death penalty, leading to human rights reforms in penal systems around the world.

Proposed the metaphysical idea that we live in the best of all possible worlds and conceived binary computation, influencing both philosophy and computer science.

His writings, such as 'Common Sense' and 'The Rights of Man', advocated for the independence and republican rights. He greatly influenced the American and French revolutions.

Believed in the natural goodness of man and in a social contract that preserves individual freedom. Influenced the French Revolution and modern political, sociological, and educational thought.

Developed the theory of 'Tabula Rasa', natural rights, and the social contract. His ideas on government heavily influenced the American Declaration of Independence.

Known for his social contract theory, which posits that people give up certain rights for an ordered society. His work laid the foundation for modern political philosophy.

Known for his pantheism and challenges to the Cartesian dualism. He formulated an ethics derived from a monistic reality which significantly impacted modern biblical criticism and secular thought.