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An entity that issues digital certificates verifying ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate.

A function that converts a message into a fixed string of digits, usually for security or data integrity purposes.

A security attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other.

A cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys which may be disseminated widely, and private keys which are known only to the owner.

A method of exchanging cryptographic keys securely between parties over a public channel.

The study of analyzing information systems to understand the hidden aspects of the systems.

Random data that is used as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, passwords, or passphrases.

A widely used asymmetric algorithm for encryption and digital signature, based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large prime numbers.

In asymmetric cryptography, a set of two keys that consists of a public key and a private key.

The key in a public-key cryptography system that is known only to the key's owner and used to decrypt messages or to digitally sign documents.

A cryptographic system where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption of messages.

A public key encryption technique based on elliptic curve theory that enables smaller keys compared to non-ECC cryptography for equivalent security.

The decomposition of an object (for example, a number, a polynomial, or a matrix) into a product of other objects, or factors, which when multiplied together give the original.

The process of converting ciphertext back into its original plaintext form using a key.

A fixed-sized numerical value derived from a message that is nearly impossible to reverse-engineer.

A distributed ledger technology that consists of a series of blocks that record data in hash functions with timestamps so that the data cannot be changed or tampered with.

A single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session.

The key in a public-key cryptography system that is shared openly and can be used to encrypt messages or to verify signatures.

The use of quantum mechanical principles to carry out cryptographic tasks or to break cryptographic systems.

A set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public key encryption.

An arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication.

A system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers wrap around upon reaching a certain value—the modulus.

An electronic document that uses a digital signature to bind a public key with an identity.

A method of securely exchanging cryptographic keys over a public channel by two parties who have not shared secret information previously.

An algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.

A mathematical problem with no efficient solution that forms the basis of several asymmetric key algorithms, including Diffie-Hellman and some elliptic curve techniques.

A method by which one party (the prover) can prove to another party (the verifier) that a given statement is true, without conveying any information apart from the fact that the statement is true.

The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using a key, in order to secure its contents from unauthorized access.

A mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document.