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Purpose: To standardize public key certificates. Application: Used in SSL/TLS and other systems that require a reliable authentication method for keys used in asymmetric cryptography.

Purpose: To provide the same level of security as RSA but with smaller key sizes. Application: Used in mobile devices, smart cards, and wireless security (e.g., Bluetooth).

Purpose: To handle negotiation of protocols and algorithms and to establish authentication keys. Application: Used in the set-up to secure an IPsec VPN connection.

Purpose: To provide secure communications over a computer network. Application: Used for secure web browsing, email privacy, secure voice-over-IP, and more.

Purpose: To implement the TLS and SSL protocols. Application: Used for secure communication over networks and for cryptographic functions.

Purpose: To check the revocation status of an X.509 digital certificate. Application: Used to maintain the security of a server and other network resources.

Purpose: To improve the security of DES by applying it three times. Application: Used in situations where DES was previously implemented but needed a security upgrade.

Purpose: To establish encrypted links between a web server and a browser. Application: Though outdated and succeeded by TLS, it is still a term used to describe secure web connections.

Purpose: To authenticate service requests between trusted hosts across an untrusted network. Application: Used in secure network authentication, commonly in client-server environments.

Purpose: To securely exchange cryptographic keys over a public channel. Application: Used in setting up secure communications channels like those in VPNs and SSH.

Purpose: To make block ciphers more secure by adding a feedback mechanism. Application: Used in algorithms like AES and DES to provide message confidentiality.

Purpose: To provide assurance of the authenticity and integrity of data along with confidentiality. Application: Primarily used in disk encryption, database encryption, and TLS.

Purpose: To secure Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet. Application: Widely used in VPNs and secure network communications.

Purpose: To encrypt and decrypt data, providing cryptographic privacy and authentication. Application: Standardization of PGP encryption to allow interoperability of products.

Purpose: To provide strong authentication using public key cryptography. Application: Used for passwordless login and as a second factor in two-factor authentication systems.

Purpose: To provide a digital signature mechanism for authentication. Application: Used in environments that require strong security with smaller key sizes, such as smart cards and mobile devices.

Purpose: To produce a sequence of bits from an initial seed value that is statistically random. Application: Essential for creating cryptographic keys in various cryptographic applications.

Purpose: To secure data by encrypting it in a fast and efficient manner. Application: Used widely in SSL/TLS for web security, file encryption, VPNs, and government communications.

Purpose: To encrypt and decrypt emails and files, ensuring their privacy and authentication. Application: Used in personal and corporate email encryption.

Purpose: To encrypt electronic data using symmetric cryptography. Application: Its usage has been largely historical since it was replaced by AES.

Purpose: To produce a hash value and ensure data integrity. Application: Now considered insecure, it was previously used in checksums, fingerprints, and HMACs.

Purpose: To securely encrypt and sign data and communication. Application: Used as a free software alternative to the original PGP software and compatible with the OpenPGP standard.

Purpose: To list certificates that are no longer trusted because they were revoked. Application: Used in environments where it is critical to know whether a certificate has been compromised.

Purpose: To secure sensitive data transmission. Application: Public key encryption and digital signatures used in applications such as secure email and software distribution.

Purpose: To verify data integrity and authenticity of a message. Application: Used in data transmission like API security and securing data in motion.

Purpose: To secure email through encryption and digital signatures. Application: Used in email clients like Outlook and Thunderbird to securely exchange emails.

Purpose: To generate a unique, fixed-size hash from data. Application: Used in digital signatures, password storage, and data integrity verification.

Purpose: An improved version of Diffie-Hellman using elliptic curves for smaller key sizes and faster computation. Application: Used in protocols requiring secure key exchange with efficient performance.