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The process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext using a cipher and a key.

The key in an asymmetric key algorithm that is shared publicly without compromising security.

An approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.

An asymmetric cryptographic algorithm based on the fact that factoring the product of two large prime numbers is hard.

The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using a cipher and a key.

A number or bit string used in cryptography that is used only once, in order to ensure that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks.

The encrypted data produced by a cryptographic algorithm.

A function that converts an input (or 'message') into a fixed-size string of bytes, typically for security or data integrity purposes.

A cryptographic system that uses the same key for encryption and decryption.

The process through which cryptographic keys are exchanged between two parties, allowing use of a cryptographic algorithm.

A symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream).

A form of encryption that allows computations to be performed on ciphertext, thus generating an encrypted result which, when decrypted, matches the result of the operations as if they had been performed on the plaintext.

The key in an asymmetric key algorithm that is kept secret and is used for decryption.

The problem of finding the exponent base b given b, g (a primitive root modulo p), and a value g^b mod p.

A mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity and integrity of a digital message or document.

A cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudo-random function.

The study of analyzing information systems to understand hidden aspects of the systems.

A standard defining the format of public key certificates.

A method of securely exchanging cryptographic keys over a public channel.

A cryptographic system that uses a pair of keys; one for encryption (public key) and one for decryption (private key).

A symmetric key cipher that encrypts data in fixed-size blocks, as opposed to stream ciphers, which encrypt data one bit at a time.

An algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.

An entity that issues digital certificates. A digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate.

A cryptographic method by which one party can prove to another party that they know a value x, without conveying any information apart from the fact that they know the value x.

The original unencrypted data that is input into cryptographic algorithms.

The use of quantum mechanics to perform cryptographic tasks or to break cryptographic systems.

A hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography—it is a one-way function and it is very hard to reverse the computation or find collisions.

A short piece of information used to authenticate a message and to provide integrity and authenticity assurances on the message.

Random data that is used as an additional input to a hash function that hashes a password or passphrase.