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A term often associated with tap dance improvisation where dancers simultaneously choreograph and perform the piece spontaneously. Key figures include Savion Glover and Gregory Hines.

A dance technique in which points of physical contact provide the starting point for exploration through movement improvisation. Major proponents include Steve Paxton who introduced it in 1972.

A somatic approach to movement that proposes a practical method to organize and understand the body’s complex biomechanical properties. Developed by Frey Faust.

Though primarily a martial art concept, Systema's approach to spontaneous, adaptive movement has influenced dance improvisation techniques. No major dance proponents, but often compared and integrated into dance practices.

A movement language developed by Ohad Naharin that emphasizes the exploration of sensation and availability for movement. Practiced by Batsheva Dance Company.

A movement meditation practice created by Gabrielle Roth that is structured as a series of five sequential rhythms which together form a wave. It emphasizes personal expression through freeform, impromptu movement.

A form of Japanese dance theater that encompasses a diverse range of activities, techniques and motivations for dance, typically involving playful and grotesque imagery. Major figures include Tatsumi Hijikata and Kazuo Ohno.

A structured form of improvisation in dance, where certain rules, sequences, or themes are determined beforehand. Pioneers are not commonly specified as many choreographers employ this concept.

A technique of improvisation that grew out of the postmodern dance world, articulating nine points of view (time and space) for performers to consider when moving. Mary Overlie and later Anne Bogart and SITI Company developed this technique.

An improvisation-based theater arts training that integrates vocal and physical performance with the skill of the improviser, developed by Ruth Zaporah.

Pioneered by Rudolf von Laban, these are large groups of people performing movement improvisations, often with a common theme or directed goals. Laban is the major proponent.

An approach to choreography that accepted all movement as potential dance material, without emphasizing a particular technique. Major proponents include Trisha Brown, Yvonne Rainer, and the Judson Dance Theater.

A movement approach allowing a person to move as they are compelled, often with eyes closed, in the presence of a witness. Developed by Mary Starks Whitehouse.

An experimental college that contributed significantly to the American avant-garde, the intersection of dance and visual art, and the development of improvisation in performance. Notable figures include John Cage and Merce Cunningham.