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Philosophy and Ethics

Ancient Philosophy

Anaximander's Contributions to Philosophy

Ancient Philosophical Schools

Anaxagoras and Nous

Aristotle's Virtue Ethics

Aristotelian Logic

Cynicism and Diogenes

Democritus and Atomism

Empedocles' Four Roots

Epicureanism Essentials

Ethical Theories of Aristotle

Famous Ancient Philosophers

Gorgias and Rhetoric

Heraclitus's Doctrine of Change

Key Concepts in Plato's Philosophy

Parmenides and the Way of Truth

Plato's 'Symposium' and Concepts of Love

Pre-Socratic Philosophers and Their Ideas

Plotinus and Neoplatonism

Protectors' Education in Plato's 'Republic'

Plato's Theory of Knowledge

Philosophy in the Hellenistic Period

The Socratic Paradoxes

The Presocratic Philosophers

The Trial and Death of Socrates

Zeno's Paradoxes

Sophists and Their Philosophy

Socratic Method Explained

Stoic Philosophers and Their Teachings

The Allegory of the Cave

Empedocles' Four Roots

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Earth

Earth represents the solid and unchangeable aspect of nature.

Air

Air is linked with the invisible and life-giving force.

Fire

Fire symbolizes the dynamic and consuming aspect of nature.

Water

Water signifies the fluid and adapting qualities inherent in nature.

The Sphere

Empedocles theorized that originally the elements were united in the Sphere, a perfect, balanced unity under the force of Love.

Love (Philia)

Love, or Philia, is one of the two principal forces in Empedocles' cosmos, causing the elements to combine.

Strife (Neikos)

Strife is the separating force in Empedocles' philosophy, responsible for division and change.

Reincarnation

Empedocles believed in reincarnation, tied to the cycles of Love and Strife, affecting both elements and souls.

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