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Philosophy and Ethics

Ancient Philosophy

Ancient Philosophical Schools

Anaxagoras and Nous

Anaximander's Contributions to Philosophy

Aristotle's Virtue Ethics

Aristotelian Logic

Cynicism and Diogenes

Democritus and Atomism

Ethical Theories of Aristotle

Empedocles' Four Roots

Epicureanism Essentials

Famous Ancient Philosophers

Gorgias and Rhetoric

Heraclitus's Doctrine of Change

Key Concepts in Plato's Philosophy

Parmenides and the Way of Truth

Pre-Socratic Philosophers and Their Ideas

Protectors' Education in Plato's 'Republic'

Plotinus and Neoplatonism

Plato's 'Symposium' and Concepts of Love

Plato's Theory of Knowledge

Philosophy in the Hellenistic Period

The Presocratic Philosophers

The Trial and Death of Socrates

The Socratic Paradoxes

Zeno's Paradoxes

Sophists and Their Philosophy

Socratic Method Explained

The Allegory of the Cave

Stoic Philosophers and Their Teachings

Empedocles' Four Roots

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The Sphere

Empedocles theorized that originally the elements were united in the Sphere, a perfect, balanced unity under the force of Love.

Strife (Neikos)

Strife is the separating force in Empedocles' philosophy, responsible for division and change.

Earth

Earth represents the solid and unchangeable aspect of nature.

Fire

Fire symbolizes the dynamic and consuming aspect of nature.

Water

Water signifies the fluid and adapting qualities inherent in nature.

Reincarnation

Empedocles believed in reincarnation, tied to the cycles of Love and Strife, affecting both elements and souls.

Air

Air is linked with the invisible and life-giving force.

Love (Philia)

Love, or Philia, is one of the two principal forces in Empedocles' cosmos, causing the elements to combine.

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