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Suggested air is the primary substance of everything; believed in a form of material monism; understood phenomena as resulting from condensation and rarefaction.

Argued that change and motion are illusions; believed that reality is a single unchanging substance; distinguished between the way of truth and the way of opinion.

Proposed that water is the originating principle of nature; considered the first philosopher in the Greek tradition; predicted a solar eclipse.

Introduced the concept of the 'Boundless' or 'Apeiron' as the origin of all things; created a world map; discussed the idea of evolution.

Introduced the idea of four classical elements (earth, air, fire, and water); posited two opposing forces, Love and Strife, which mix and separate the elements; proposed primitive evolutionary theory.

Propounded the doctrine of change being the essence of the universe; famous for saying, "No man ever steps in the same river twice"; spoke of the Logos.

Famous for his paradoxes that challenge our understanding of motion and infinity; argued that all is one and change is impossible; defended Parmenides' philosophy.

Developed the theory of numbers as the ultimate reality; believed in the transmigration of souls; established a philosophical and religious school in Croton.

Suggested that Nous (Mind) is the ordering principle of the cosmos; believed that everything is composed of infinitely divisible particles; provided naturalistic explanations of celestial phenomena.