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The Presocratic Philosophers
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Who introduced the 'Unlimited' as the fundamental substance of all that exists?
Anaximander spoke of the 'Unlimited' (Apeiron) as an eternal, ageless substance that encompasses and gives rise to all things.
Who is considered the first philosopher?
Thales is considered the first philosopher and believed that water is the principle of everything.
Who introduced the concept of the world being made up of four roots, or elements?
Empedocles introduced the idea that everything in the world is made up of a combination of four roots: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water.
Who introduced the concept of 'Love and Strife' as cosmic forces?
Empedocles introduced the concepts of 'Love' (Philotes) and 'Strife' (Neikos) as cosmic forces that bring together and separate the four elements (Earth, Air, Fire, Water).
Who claimed that reality consists of an ever-changing flux of elements?
Heraclitus believed that everything is constantly changing and famously stated that 'No man ever steps in the same river twice'.
Who asserted that 'man is the measure of all things'?
Protagoras, a sophist, asserted that 'man is the measure of all things', indicating a form of philosophical relativism.
Who is known for the theory that all matter is composed of infinite, indivisible elements called 'atomos'?
Leucippus and his student Democritus are credited with the theory that everything is composed of 'atomos', or atoms, that are in constant motion in the void.
Who described the universe as being in a state of constant war, with opposing elements battling each other?
Heraclitus believed in the perpetual state of war and strife among the elemental oppositions, which he saw as the driving force of change and the harmony of the universe.
Who believed in the unity of all things?
Parmenides believed in the unity of all things and argued that change is an illusion.
Who is known for the famous paradoxes, including the paradox of motion?
Zeno of Elea is known for his paradoxes that challenge the concept of plurality and motion, such as 'Achilles and the Tortoise'.
Who introduced the concept of the 'Cosmic Mind' that organizes the universe?
Anaxagoras introduced the notion of 'Nous' (Mind or Intellect) as a cosmic principle that organizes everything.
Who believed that air is the primary substance of the universe?
Anaximenes believed that air is the primary substance, and by its rarefaction and condensation, different forms emerge.
Who proposed that reality is composed of a single substance called 'apeiron'?
Anaximander proposed that 'apeiron' (the boundless) is the origin of all things.
Who argued that the Earth floated on water?
Thales proposed that the Earth is a flat disk that floats on water which explains natural occurrences such as earthquakes.
Who is remembered for the saying, 'everything flows'?
Attributed to Heraclitus, the phrase 'everything flows' (Panta Rhei) encapsulates his belief that the universe is in a constant state of change and flow.
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