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Cycles in History According to Philosophers
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Plato
Cyclical decay and renewal of political regimes
Aristotle
Cyclical changes in governance
Ibn Khaldun
Asabiyyah and dynastic cycles
Augustine of Hippo
Two cities: City of God and Earthly City
Giambattista Vico
Corsican Cycle: ages of gods, heroes, and men
Niccolò Machiavelli
Fortuna and the cycles of political fortune
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Dialectical process in history
Karl Marx
Historical materialism and class struggles
Oswald Spengler
Morphological cycles of culture
Arnold J. Toynbee
Civilization challenges and responses
Friedrich Nietzsche
Eternal recurrence of the same
Pitirim Sorokin
Sociocultural dynamics and oscillation
Raymond Williams
Dialectical shifts in dominant, residual, and emergent culture
Samuel P. Huntington
Clashes of civilizations
Carol Quigley
Seven stages of civilization
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