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Philosophers on the Meaning of History

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Heidegger

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History is the unfolding of being and time, revealing the structures of Dasein's existence.

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Comte

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History develops in three stages: theological, metaphysical, and positive.

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Gadamer

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History is an ongoing dialogue with tradition through hermeneutic understanding.

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Fukuyama

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History may have ended with the universalization of Western liberal democracy.

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Arendt

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History is the story of human actions, particularly the unexpected and new.

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Ricoeur

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History combines narrative understanding and analytical explanation.

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Marx

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History is the history of class struggles leading to a classless society.

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Herder

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History is the organic and cultural development of peoples and nations.

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Toynbee

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Civilizations rise and fall based on their response to challenges.

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Popper

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Rejects historicism and believes in an open society where history is not predetermined.

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Foucault

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History is shaped by the discourse of power relationships.

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White

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History is shaped by the narrative choices historians make, thus it has a literary aspect.

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Braudel

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History is a multilayered structure, where long-term geographical and social structures shape events.

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Voltaire

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History is a record of the crimes and follies of mankind.

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Hobbes

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History shows the need for a strong central authority to avoid the brutal 'state of nature'.

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Croce

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History is the history of liberty and the expression of the spirit.

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Hegel

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History is a dialectical process leading to the realization of Absolute Spirit.

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Kant

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History is the process of humanity's moral progress and the realization of human freedom.

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Dilthey

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History is the understanding of the lived experience through hermeneutics.

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Bloch

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History should consider the 'possible' and the unrealized in past societies.

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Spengler

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History is a cycle of birth, growth, decay, and death of civilizations.

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Collingwood

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History is the process of reconstructing the thoughts and experiences of past people.

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Husserl

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History is the intersubjective development of human consciousness.

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Vico

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History is a recurring cycle of corsi and ricorsi (progress and return).

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Nietzsche

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History should serve life and the cultivation of the Ubermensch.

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