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While not teleological itself, Kant’s deontological ethics contrast with teleological ethics. Kant argues that morality is grounded in duty and the categorical imperative, rather than in the pursuit of a goal or consequence.

Social institutions such as governments, schools, and the judicial system can be studied teleologically, as each is designed with specific goals and functions in mind that guide social development.

In designing AI, engineers often create systems with specific goals or purposes, thereby imbuing technology with a form of extrinsic teleology defined by human intentions and the desired outcome of the technological process.

Teleological ethics, such as consequentialism, judge the morality of an action based on the outcomes or goals it achieves, rather than the actions itself, applying a teleological framework to moral philosophy.

Narratives are often teleologically structured, with a plot moving toward a resolution or ending, revealing how literary works can reflect a teleological perspective on the human experience.

The Industrial Revolution can be analyzed teleologically, where the technological advancements were not just happenstance but part of a broader purposeful evolution of society towards increased productivity and economic growth.

Karl Marx applied Hegelian dialectics in a materialist manner, arguing that historical progress is driven by the material conditions and economic factors, ultimately leading to a classless society - a teleological outlook on history.

The teleological argument posits that certain features of the universe and living things exhibit an orderly and purposive character that cannot be explained by random chance, thus inferring the existence of an intelligent designer.

While science is typically mechanistic, scientists often use teleological language when describing natural phenomena, such as saying the heart 'is for' pumping blood, which can be misconstrued as implying purpose.

Christian teleology sees the world and its history moving toward the fulfillment of divine purpose, as outlined in religious scripture, with an ultimate goal often associated with the apocalypse and a new, divine order.

Environmental teleology examines ecosystems and natural processes as having an intrinsic purpose or balance, such as the idea that predators exist to control prey populations, though this perspective can be contentious within ecology.

The idea of progress, often inherent in Western philosophy and history, suggests that society moves in a linear and purposeful direction towards improvement, reflecting a teleological view of historical development.

As a teleological theory in ethics, Utilitarianism posits that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, typically defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people.

Fukuyama’s thesis suggested that the spread of liberal democracies and free-market capitalism might signal the endpoint of humanity's socio-cultural evolution and become the final form of human government.

Aristotle's teleological framework posits that everything has a purpose or end goal. His Four Causes (material, formal, efficient, final) describe how and why things come into existence, with the final cause being the purpose or function of the object.

Although not teleological in the classical sense, evolutionary biology suggests that organisms evolve by natural selection, which can mistakenly be interpreted as teleological since species appear to develop structures purposefully suited for their survival.

Teleological arguments in cosmology often revolve around the fine-tuning of the Universe's constants. Some argue that this tuning indicates a purposeful design, with the end goal being the emergence of life.

Human action is often analyzed teleologically, as individuals and groups tend to have purposes and intentions behind their actions. History, in turn, is shaped by these purpose-driven actions.

Hegel viewed history as a rational process where freedom expands through the dialectic of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. This process was seen as teleological, moving towards an end of history characterized by absolute freedom and understanding.