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Individual memories form personal narratives which contribute to historical knowledge. Examples include diaries, memoirs, and autobiographies.

Propaganda deliberately shapes the public memory to serve a particular agenda, often altering perceptions of historical events. Examples include war-time and political propaganda.

Historiography studies the writing of history and its changes over time, heavily influenced by the prevailing memory and interpretations. Examples are revisionist histories and history textbooks.

Generational memory refers to the transmission of historical understanding across generations, which can either preserve or alter interpretations of the past. Examples include family stories and generational studies.

Oral traditions shape the historical record by passing down stories and cultural practices, which may be subject to alterations over time. Examples include indigenous storytelling and the Homeric epics.

The Mandela Effect refers to a situation where a large number of people remember an event differently from how it happened, highlighting the fallibility of collective memory. Examples include misquotes and misattributions.

The ethics of memory involve considerations about what should be remembered or forgotten, including the responsibilities toward victims and the implications for justice. Examples include debates over memorial removals and the ‘right to be forgotten’.

Myths function as a form of collective memory, often blurring the line between history and legend. Examples include the foundation myths of Rome and tales of King Arthur.

Eyewitness testimonies provide a direct perspective on historical events but can be subjective and prone to memory biases. Examples include court witnesses and survivor accounts.

Nostalgia can idealize the past, sometimes leading to a distorted understanding of history. Examples include the romanticizing of certain time periods and ‘the good old days’ sentiment.

Intentional or societal amnesia can lead to forgetting certain aspects of history, affecting how a society views its past. Examples include the omission of controversial events and periods of oppression.

Archives preserve documents and records that form the backbone of historical research. Examples include government records, personal correspondence, and photographs.

Collective memory forms the basis of national identity, influencing how history is perceived and taught. Examples include the portrayal of founding myths and significant historical events.

Memorials serve to crystallize collective memory, often commemorating significant events or individuals in history. Examples include war memorials and Holocaust memorials.

Memory plays a pivotal role in shaping historical narratives, which are stories told about the past that hold significance for a culture or group. Examples include the American Dream and the narrative of the Civil Rights Movement.

Traumatic events often leave a strong imprint on collective memory and can shape a society's historical understanding. Examples include memories of wars, genocides, and natural disasters.

Postcolonial studies examine how colonial histories are remembered and influence contemporary identities and conflicts. Examples include reinterpretations of colonial narratives and legacies of imperialism.

Technological advancements affect how history is recorded, stored, and accessed, thus shaping collective memory. Examples include digital archives and the internet.

Commemorations are performed to honor and remember past events, playing a role in shaping a society's collective memory. Examples include Armistice Day and MLK Day.