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Believed in the cyclical decay of civilizations rather than linear progress, famously expounded in his work 'The Decline of the West'.

Controversially argued that liberal democracy may signify the 'end point of mankind's ideological evolution' in 'The End of History and the Last Man'.

Had ambiguous views on progress, seeing the development of civilization as corrupting human nature, but also advocating for a social contract to progress the state of humanity.

Tended to view progress skeptically, often criticizing the notion through satire but believed in the advancement of knowledge and reason.

Believed in a cyclical view of history involving a repeated rise and fall of civilizations.

Viewed history through the lens of class struggle and saw progress as the eventual leading to a communist society.

Considered progress in terms of increasing human knowledge and the development of civilized society through social contracts.

Did not focus extensively on progress in history, more concerned with natural processes and teleology suggesting purposeful development.

Viewed history in terms of a divine plan, leading towards the ultimate progress of mankind achieving salvation.

Believed that the progress of history is linked to the establishment of order through social contracts.

Believed in incremental progress through 'piecemeal social engineering' and the critical rationalism approach to solving problems.

Criticized notions of historical inevitability and determinism, supporting pluralism and the idea of incommensurable values.

Viewed history pragmatically and saw progress in terms of power dynamics rather than moral or ethical improvement.

Argued for the progress of political institutions towards more democratic forms of governance.

Saw history as the dialectical unfolding of the Absolute Spirit, with progress manifesting through the synthesis of conflicting ideas.

Focused on individual existence and subjective experience rather than societal progress.

Argued for progress in scientific knowledge through paradigm shifts rather than a straightforward accumulation.

Pessimistic about historical progress, believing that human suffering is constant and history is an endless cycle of pain.

Believed in the possibility of moral progress through the enlightenment of individuals and the establishment of a cosmopolitan society.

Advocated for a form of social Darwinism, where societies evolve and progress through competition and natural selection.

Not a philosopher but influenced philosophical thought on progress with his theory of biological evolution by natural selection.

Alongside Marx, viewed history as the progression through class struggle towards an eventual communist society.

Challenged the idea of continuous progress, and viewed history as a series of discontinuous discourses and power-knowledge relationships.

Challenged the concept of progress and preferred the idea of eternal recurrence, but also spoke of the Übermensch as a form of individual overcoming.