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Wittgenstein's concept of language games suggests that the meaning of words is derived from their use in specific forms of life, emphasizing the variability of language across different activities and communities.

The normativity argument suggests that the meanings of words are governed by norms and that understanding a language involves grasping these norms, which has consequences for theories of linguistic competence and practice.

The linguistic turn refers to the 20th-century development in philosophy that emphasizes the ways in which language shapes our understanding of the world and became foundational in analytic philosophy.

The causal theory proposes that proper names have meaning due to an original act of naming linked by a causal chain to the present use of the name, fundamentally shaping theories of naming and reference.

Proposed by Wittgenstein, it challenges the notion that a language understandable by only a single individual is conceivable. This impacts the understanding of self-knowledge and mental states.

Grice's principle describes how people tend to communicate in ways that are cooperative and adhere to four maxims—quality, quantity, relevance, and manner—shaping conversational implicature.

This argument centers on the idea that linguistic intuitions (e.g., judgments about grammaticality, meaning, etc.) play a role in philosophical analysis, questioning the reliability and universality of these intuitions.

The view that the meanings of words and the contents of thoughts are not determined solely by the mental states of speakers but also by external factors, often associated with Putnam's 'Twin Earth' thought experiment.

This hypothesis suggests that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview and cognition, affecting their perception of reality and potentially limiting the expressibility of certain concepts.

Frege distinguishes between the sense (Sinn) and reference (Bedeutung) of words, explaining how identity statements can be informative and underscoring the difference between meaning and referents.

This argument deals with terms that do not refer to any actual object (e.g., 'unicorns') and their implications for theories of meaning and reference, exploring how meaningful discourse can still take place.

Derrida's deconstruction is a critique of the possibility of fixed meaning in texts, emphasizing the role of context, play, and difference ('différance') in interpreting language.

The theory of reference explores how words relate to things they reference, considering direct reference and descriptive theories. It's central to understanding meaning and communication.

This paradox arises from statements like 'This sentence is false', which lead to a contradiction when attempting to determine their truth value. It poses challenges to logical theories and theories of truth and meaning.

Quine argues that it's impossible to determine a unique translation between different languages, suggesting that meaning is inscrutable and dependent on a network of beliefs and experiences.

This perspective focuses on the ability of language to express thoughts, feelings, and attitudes, influencing the study of emotive meaning, the use of non-literal language, and the role of expressivity in communication.

In his early work, Wittgenstein proposed that propositions are pictures of reality, structured in a way that models the world. This has implications for understanding the logical form and limits of language.

Investigating the use of slurs in language philosophy delves into how derogatory terms gain their power and affect meaning, social dynamics, and ethics. It raises questions about harm, speech acts, and the limits of free speech.

Austin's theory distinguishes between constative utterances that describe the world and performative utterances that perform an action (e.g., 'I apologize'). It questions traditional truth-conditional theories of meaning.