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Linguistic determinism is a stronger version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, stating that language limits and determines human thought processes and knowledge categories.

Some languages use absolute directions, such as cardinal points, as opposed to relative terms like 'left' and 'right', when describing spatial relationships. This aspect of linguistic relativity argues that such languages might influence how speakers orient themselves in space.

Some studies on linguistic relativity suggest that speakers of languages that rely heavily on cardinal directions instead of left/right distinctions have a more developed sense of direction and spatial awareness.

Studies on sign language users support linguistic relativity by showing that visual-spatial languages like sign languages can shape cognitive functions differently than spoken languages.

Bilinguals might perceive the world in different ways depending on the language they are using, suggesting flexible cognitive processes and supporting a version of linguistic relativity that is less deterministic.

The idea that our thoughts and concepts are constrained by our vocabulary. Proponents argue that without the words for certain concepts, we can't think about them effectively.

Research on color terminology across cultures supports linguistic relativity by showing that languages with more color terms can affect how speakers perceive colors. For instance, Russian speakers, who have separate terms for light blue and dark blue, can discriminate between the shades more quickly.

The theory that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition. Named after American linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, this hypothesis is a central idea in linguistic relativity.

Categorical perception is when the language a person speaks influences how they group objects together. For instance, the distinction between different types of snow in various Arctic communities.

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity also extends to memory, proposing that language can affect what people remember. Language-specific cues might aid or hinder memory recall.

The spread of technology and emergence of global languages, like English, pushes scholars to consider how linguistic relativity interacts with technology, potentially homogenizing certain cognitive aspects of language use worldwide.

Opponents of linguistic relativity argue that thought is universal and not substantially influenced by language. They point to the possibility of translating between languages and shared human experiences as evidence.

While most research focuses on human language, some propose that the study of animal communication systems can provide insights into linguistic relativity, especially in determining if nonhuman species experience similar cognitive effects from their communication methods.

Research has suggested that the structure of language can influence economic behavior and decision-making. For example, languages without a future tense, such as Mandarin, might correlate with higher rates of saving due to a different perception of the future.

The way different languages conceptualize time can affect how speakers of those languages perceive the passage of time, according to linguistic relativity. For instance, an English speaker might think of time linearly, while a Mandarin speaker might perceive it as a cycle.

Some researchers argue that the language one speaks might even affect health outcomes by influencing habits, cultural norms, and the understanding of health concepts, though this is a more speculative extension of linguistic relativity.

Studies on the Pirahã people, who have limited numerical terms, suggest that language influences mathematical understanding and memory, highlighting the influence of linguistic relativity on numerical cognition.