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Metaphors We Live By

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ARGUMENT IS WAR

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This metaphor implies that arguing is a battle to be won. It frames our language and thoughts around conflict when discussing arguments.

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THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS

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This metaphor compares theories to structures that can have a foundation and be built upon, implying stability and permanence.

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SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE PLANTS

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This metaphor likens social groups to plants which may 'root', 'branch out', or 'flourish', symbolizing development and interconnection.

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KNOWING IS SEEING

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This metaphor equates understanding with the act of seeing, giving rise to expressions like 'I see what you mean' or 'show me the evidence'.

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CONTROL IS UP

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This metaphor associates being in control with being 'on top' or 'above'. It can frame hierarchical relationships and influence how we think about authority.

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GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWN

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This suggests that positive experiences are 'above' negative ones, with phrases like 'things are looking up' or 'feeling down'.

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CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN

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It relates consciousness to being 'awake' or 'upright' and the unconscious to being 'asleep' or 'lowered down', affecting how we think about mental states.

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MIND IS A MACHINE

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This metaphor likens the mind to a complex machine, which suggests efficiency, productivity, and sometimes the idea of needing rest or maintenance.

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LOVE IS A JOURNEY

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It conceptualizes love as a path to be traveled, with its ups and downs, crossroads, and destinations, influencing how we speak about relationships.

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COMMUNICATION IS A PIPELINE

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This metaphor suggests that communication is a means through which information flows from one person to another, emphasizing transmission and reception.

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IDEAS ARE FOOD

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This metaphor treats ideas as if they are food that can be digested. It suggests that ideas can be chewed on, savored, or difficult to swallow.

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HEALTH IS WEALTH

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It equates health with wealth in terms of value and importance, suggesting that being healthy is akin to having an abundance of resources.

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UNDERSTANDING IS GRASPING

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This metaphor suggests that to understand an idea is to 'grasp' it, thus influencing how we describe comprehension or its lack thereof.

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TIME IS MONEY

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This metaphor suggests that time is a valuable commodity that can be spent, saved, wasted, or lost. It influences our prioritization and sense of urgency.

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INTIMACY IS CLOSENESS

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This metaphor equates emotional closeness with physical proximity, shaping the way we talk about relationships as being 'close' or 'distant'.

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HAPPINESS IS UP; SADNESS IS DOWN

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This conceptual metaphor uses physical orientation to describe emotions. Being 'high' on happiness or 'down' in the dumps guides how we perceive emotions spatially.

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ORGANIZATIONS ARE PLANTS

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This metaphor depicts organizations as plants that can grow, branch out, or wither, which informs our perceptions of business growth and development.

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A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY

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This reflects the idea of a person's life with goals as a path or journey with a destination, obstacles, and progress.

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STATES ARE LOCATIONS

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This metaphor treats emotional or psychological states as places, allowing phrases like 'being in love' or 'going through a tough time'.

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IMPORTANT IS BIG

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Associates importance with size, leading to expressions like 'a big decision' or 'a large impact', signifying weightiness or significance.

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LIFE IS A GAMBLE

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This metaphor presents life as a series of risks and chances, often referring to luck and the unpredictability of outcomes.

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CHANGE IS MOTION

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This metaphor associates change with physical movement, giving us phrases like 'things are looking up' or 'take a step back'.

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MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN

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This metaphor uses vertical space to quantify, as in 'prices are rising' or 'turn down the volume', expressing quantity or intensity in spatial terms.

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SIMILARITY IS CLOSENESS

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This metaphor posits that similarities between concepts are 'closer' to each other, which helps us understand abstract relationships.

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