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Metaphors We Live By
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ARGUMENT IS WAR
This metaphor implies that arguing is a battle to be won. It frames our language and thoughts around conflict when discussing arguments.
THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS
This metaphor compares theories to structures that can have a foundation and be built upon, implying stability and permanence.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE PLANTS
This metaphor likens social groups to plants which may 'root', 'branch out', or 'flourish', symbolizing development and interconnection.
KNOWING IS SEEING
This metaphor equates understanding with the act of seeing, giving rise to expressions like 'I see what you mean' or 'show me the evidence'.
CONTROL IS UP
This metaphor associates being in control with being 'on top' or 'above'. It can frame hierarchical relationships and influence how we think about authority.
GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWN
This suggests that positive experiences are 'above' negative ones, with phrases like 'things are looking up' or 'feeling down'.
CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
It relates consciousness to being 'awake' or 'upright' and the unconscious to being 'asleep' or 'lowered down', affecting how we think about mental states.
MIND IS A MACHINE
This metaphor likens the mind to a complex machine, which suggests efficiency, productivity, and sometimes the idea of needing rest or maintenance.
LOVE IS A JOURNEY
It conceptualizes love as a path to be traveled, with its ups and downs, crossroads, and destinations, influencing how we speak about relationships.
COMMUNICATION IS A PIPELINE
This metaphor suggests that communication is a means through which information flows from one person to another, emphasizing transmission and reception.
IDEAS ARE FOOD
This metaphor treats ideas as if they are food that can be digested. It suggests that ideas can be chewed on, savored, or difficult to swallow.
HEALTH IS WEALTH
It equates health with wealth in terms of value and importance, suggesting that being healthy is akin to having an abundance of resources.
UNDERSTANDING IS GRASPING
This metaphor suggests that to understand an idea is to 'grasp' it, thus influencing how we describe comprehension or its lack thereof.
TIME IS MONEY
This metaphor suggests that time is a valuable commodity that can be spent, saved, wasted, or lost. It influences our prioritization and sense of urgency.
INTIMACY IS CLOSENESS
This metaphor equates emotional closeness with physical proximity, shaping the way we talk about relationships as being 'close' or 'distant'.
HAPPINESS IS UP; SADNESS IS DOWN
This conceptual metaphor uses physical orientation to describe emotions. Being 'high' on happiness or 'down' in the dumps guides how we perceive emotions spatially.
ORGANIZATIONS ARE PLANTS
This metaphor depicts organizations as plants that can grow, branch out, or wither, which informs our perceptions of business growth and development.
A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY
This reflects the idea of a person's life with goals as a path or journey with a destination, obstacles, and progress.
STATES ARE LOCATIONS
This metaphor treats emotional or psychological states as places, allowing phrases like 'being in love' or 'going through a tough time'.
IMPORTANT IS BIG
Associates importance with size, leading to expressions like 'a big decision' or 'a large impact', signifying weightiness or significance.
LIFE IS A GAMBLE
This metaphor presents life as a series of risks and chances, often referring to luck and the unpredictability of outcomes.
CHANGE IS MOTION
This metaphor associates change with physical movement, giving us phrases like 'things are looking up' or 'take a step back'.
MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN
This metaphor uses vertical space to quantify, as in 'prices are rising' or 'turn down the volume', expressing quantity or intensity in spatial terms.
SIMILARITY IS CLOSENESS
This metaphor posits that similarities between concepts are 'closer' to each other, which helps us understand abstract relationships.
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