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Upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal'.

Legalized abortion nationwide, establishing that the right to privacy under the Due Process Clause extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion.

Declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

Invalidated state laws prohibiting interracial marriage, holding that they violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Held that political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment, and the government may not keep corporations or unions from spending money to support or denounce individual candidates in elections.

Established the exclusionary rule, which prevents evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being used in court.

Established that the First Amendment applies to public schools, and administrators must demonstrate constitutionally valid reasons to regulate speech in the classroom.

Confirmed the supremacy of federal over state law; established implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Established the Miranda rights, requiring police to inform suspects of their rights before questioning.

Limited the power of the President to claim executive privilege in order to withhold information from a trial.

Established the principle of judicial review; the Supreme Court can declare federal laws unconstitutional.

Expanded the Fourth Amendment protection against 'unreasonable searches and seizures' to cover electronic wiretaps, establishing that the right to privacy included telephone conversations.

Protected the freedom of the press by allowing the New York Times and Washington Post to publish the Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment.

Held that racially restrictive covenants cannot be enforced by courts since this would be a state action that would deprive individuals of rights protected by the 14th Amendment.

Decided that redistricting issues present justiciable questions, thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide redistricting cases.

Held that the right to counsel is a fundamental right under the Sixth Amendment; states are required to provide attorneys for defendants unable to afford their own.

Upheld the constitutionality of a state law permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the intellectually disabled, 'for the protection and health of the state'.

Invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states, ruling that flag burning constitutes symbolic speech that is protected by the First Amendment.

Held that African Americans could not be American citizens and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories.