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Incapacitation Theory advocates for restricting offenders' ability to commit further crimes, primarily through imprisonment. It does not concern itself with the offender’s moral improvement or societal views on punishment, focusing instead on pragmatic safety. Its critiques include potential overreliance on incarceration, disregard for rehabilitation, and ethical concerns over loss of liberty.

Rehabilitative Theory aims to transform an offender into a non-offending member of society through education, therapy, and other support mechanisms. Critics question the effectiveness and consistent application of such programs, potential paternalism, and argue that it could justify indefinite detention if an offender is deemed not sufficiently rehabilitated.

Deterrence Theory focuses on preventing future offenses by creating an expectation of punishment. It involves specific deterrence (discouraging the individual offender from reoffending) and general deterrence (discouraging the public at large). Critics highlight that it can lead to excessively harsh punishments, may not be effective for all individuals, and does not address the underlying causes of crime.

Legal Moralism holds that the law can and should enforce society’s morals and punish moral wrongdoing, even if it does not harm others. Critics argue that it can lead to the oppression of minority views and lifestyles, potentially enforces subjective moral standards, and can conflict with individual autonomy and freedoms.

Retributivism is the theory that punishment is justified because wrongdoers deserve to suffer for their misdeeds. It is centered on the idea of moral balance and just deserts. Critiques focus on the potential for disproportionate punishment, difficulties in determining what constitutes a 'deserved' punishment, and concerns about the therapeutic and societal impacts of retributive justice.

Utilitarianism posits that punishment should be primarily aimed at deterring further crime, rehabilitating the offender, and protecting society. The goal is to maximize overall happiness or welfare. Critiques point out that it may justify punishing the innocent if it serves the greater good, risk disproportionate punishments if they are seen as deterring, and neglect individual rights.