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Empiricism is the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Types of empiricism include classical, radical, and moderate.

Testimony as evidence involves using the account of witnesses. Types include expert, eyewitness, and character testimony.

The Coherence Theory states that a proposition is true if it coheres with other propositions. Types include holistic and contrastive coherence theories.

The Correspondence Theory posits that truth is determined by how accurately a statement reflects reality. Types aren't categorized, but applications vary in metaphysical and empirical claims.

Direct evidence supports the truth of an assertion directly, without an intervening inference. Types include testimonial, real, and demonstrative evidence.

Circumstantial evidence implies a fact or event without proving it directly. Types include physical traces, biological materials, and patterns of behavior.

Standards of proof are measures of how convincing evidence must be to be considered true in a legal context. Types include preponderance of evidence, clear and convincing, and beyond reasonable doubt.

The Exclusionary Rule prevents evidence collected in violation of a defendant's rights from being used in court. Types include different applications, such as the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine.

Probabilistic evidence involves uncertainty and the likelihood of events. Types include statistical evidence, probabilistic models, and Bayesian analysis.