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Common Childhood Disorders
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ADHD
Symptoms include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Diagnosis often requires these symptoms to be present in two or more settings (e.g., at home and school), and they must be inappropriate for the child's developmental level.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Symptoms must be present from early childhood and limit daily functioning.
Dyslexia
A specific learning disorder with difficulties in reading. Dyslexia involves issues with identifying speech sounds and relating them to letters and words (decoding).
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Symptoms include a persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness. This behavior is more frequent and intense than what is typical for the child's age.
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. Symptoms include aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures. Children with this disorder may show distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or parents.
Selective Mutism
Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in others. The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication.
Tourette Syndrome
Characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic. These tics must have been present at some time during the illness, but not necessarily concurrently.
Anxiety Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear. In children, this could manifest as school avoidance, extreme shyness, worrying about future events, or frequent physical complaints.
Depression
In children, depression can manifest as sadness, irritability, and loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities. Somatic complaints like changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, and decrease in energy are also common.
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. In children, this might be more difficult to identify, as irritability is a common symptom which can be mistaken for typical childhood behaviors.
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Occurs in children who have not formed normal healthy relationships and attachments with their primary caregivers before the age of 5. Symptoms include withdrawn behavior, sad and listless appearance, and an unexplained fear or resistance to social interaction with caregivers.
Enuresis
Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, whether involuntary or intentional. The behavior must be clinically significant as manifested by either a frequency of at least twice a week for at least three consecutive months or the presence of distress or impairment in social, academic, or other important areas of functioning.
Encopresis
The repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places whether involuntary or intentional, and the behavior is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (except through a mechanism involving constipation).
Intellectual Disability
Characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. These deficits result in impairments in adaptive functioning that require support in conceptual, social, and practical domains.
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