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A mental representation of one's physical environment, facilitating navigation, spatial reasoning, and understanding of the world. Cognitive maps aid in environmental navigation by enabling individuals to visualize and mentally manipulate spatial information.

The ability to identify familiar objects in the environment that serve as reference points in spatial navigation. Landmarks play a crucial role in environmental navigation by helping to orient individuals and guide their movement within a space.

The process of learning paths or a series of actions to get from one place to another. Route learning is fundamental for environmental navigation, as it allows for the execution of traveled paths from memory rather than constant reorientation.

The part of memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and spatial orientation. In environmental navigation, spatial memory enables the recall of the structure of the environment, distances, and spatial relationships between objects.

The process by which an individual learns the spatial layout of an environment, including locations of objects or destinations. Place learning is integral to environmental navigation as it allows for the utilization of cognitive maps to reach goals in an efficient manner.

A cognitive process involving the planning and decision-making required to navigate from one place to another. Wayfinding is critical in environmental navigation because it integrates cognitive maps, spatial memory, and decision-making to determine the best routes.

The use of landmarks to navigate through an environment by maintaining orientation relative to these landmarks. Piloting is a form of environmental navigation particularly important when GPS or other directional aids are unavailable.