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An invisible boundary surrounding individuals that they regard as their own space; intrusion causes discomfort. Examples: Standing close to strangers in an elevator, or someone sitting too close on a bench.

The methods by which an individual or group lays claim to an area, defending it against others. Examples: Putting personal belongings on a public seat, animals marking territory.

Space people maintain between themselves and others during social interactions. Example parameters are 1.5 to 4 feet for casual conversations among acquaintances.

The space considered appropriate for interactions between individuals who do not know each other. Typically begins at about 12 feet to the limits of visible interaction.

Spaces that individuals consider their private area where they can freely express themselves and feel secure. Examples: A person's house, room, or desk at work.

An area not central to an individual's life but still recognized as their own through repeat visitation or use. Examples: A favorite seat in a classroom, or a regular table at a coffee shop.

Areas that are open to all and owned by none, where people are expected to share space. Examples: Park benches, tables in a public library.