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The behavioral and emotional reaction to an area or space considered 'owned' or 'claimed' by a person or group, influencing patterns of movement, interaction, and privacy.

The processes by which individuals perceive, comprehend, and remember the physical space around them, which influences navigation and interaction with the environment.

A subjective feeling of having too little space due to the presence of too many people, often leading to increased stress and discomfort.

The physical space immediately surrounding an individual, into which encroachment can feel threatening or uncomfortable.

The process of navigation and spatial orientation that allows individuals to find paths and move through environments effectively.

An innate affinity of humans towards the natural world, as proposed by Edward O. Wilson, suggesting that people are drawn to nature and biological systems.

The need to manage the amount of sensory input from the environment in order to avoid being overwhelmed and to enhance the ability to focus and process information efficiently.

A concept that describes a place characterized by consistent patterns of behavior and the settings that help organize these behaviors, as defined by Roger Barker.

Settings or places that promote recovery from mental fatigue and stress through peaceful and engaging surroundings.

The response of individuals to environmental conditions that are perceived as harmful or exceeding the individual's capacity to adapt.

The interaction between humans and the environment, where individuals adapt their behaviors based on environmental constraints and opportunities.

A concept introduced by architect Oscar Newman that suggests the design of physical space can lead to areas where people feel a sense of ownership and are thus more likely to care for and defend the space.

A theory by Stephen and Rachel Kaplan stating that exposure to natural environments restores a person's ability to focus and pays attention, reducing mental fatigue.

The emotional bond between a person and a specific place, which is characterized by a sense of belonging and a desire to maintain continuity with that environment.