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Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior. Example: Giving a child a treat when they clean their room, encouraging them to clean it again in the future.

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior. Example: Taking away extra homework when a student participates in class, encouraging them to participate more.

Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior. Example: Giving a speeding ticket to reduce the person's likelihood of speeding again.

Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior. Example: Confiscating a favorite toy when a child misbehaves to reduce the occurrence of the behavior.

Stimuli that satisfy basic biological needs and are innately reinforcing. Example: Giving food to a hungry animal, which reinforces the behavior leading to food.

Stimuli that acquire reinforcing qualities through their association with primary reinforcers. Example: Money can be used to buy food, making it a powerful reinforcer.

Gradually reinforcing closer approximations to a desired behavior. Example: Training a dog to roll over by rewarding it for simpler tasks, ultimately leading to the complex behavior.

The reduction and eventual elimination of a behavior after reinforcement is no longer provided. Example: Ignoring a dog's begging eventually leads to the dog stopping the behavior.

The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior after a period of no reinforcement. Example: A dog may start begging again weeks after the behavior was extinguished.

The ability to differentiate between a reinforced stimulus and other similar stimuli. Example: A pigeon learns to peck a button for food only when it is lit up, ignoring it when dark.

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the reinforced stimulus. Example: A dog conditioned to salivate to a bell may also salivate to chimes.

Reinforcing a desired behavior every time it occurs. Example: Giving a dog a treat every time it sits on command, quickly establishing the behavior.

Only reinforcing a behavior some of the time. Example: Giving a child praise for doing chores occasionally, which may lead to more persistent behavior.

A reinforcement schedule that rewards a behavior after a set number of responses. Example: A factory worker gets a bonus for every 10 products completed.