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Elements that are visually similar are perceived as more related than elements that are dissimilar. Example: A cluster of stars with similar brightness and color might be perceived as a constellation.

Elements moving in the same direction are perceived as a group. Example: A flock of birds flying together is seen as a single unit or group.

Observers are more likely to follow in thought the direction of an established pattern. Example: A line of dots with even spacing is seen as a continuing line.

Use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole. Example: Recognizing a word in a sentence even with missing letters based on the context.

The mind fills in gaps to create a complete, whole object. Example: A circle drawn using broken lines is still perceived as a circle.

Observations are organized into the simplest form possible. Example: A set of points forming a square with missing sections will still be perceived as a square.

Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in sensory input. Example: Recognizing a door as a rectangle regardless of how much it is open or the perspective it is viewed from.

Items that are physically connected or have a visual connection are seen as more related. Example: Dots connected by lines are seen as a single group, rather than as individual pairs.

Perception is influenced by one's past experiences, which determine how a stimulus is organized. Example: The letters 'C-A-T' are recognized as the word 'cat' due to past learning.

Elements located within the same bounded space are seen as being grouped together. Example: Numbers inside the same box on a spreadsheet are perceived as related.

People instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background. Example: In the 'Rubin's Vase' illusion, one can either see a vase (figure) or two faces (ground), but not both simultaneously.

Perception begins with the individual elements of the stimulus and builds up to the perception of the whole. Example: Identifying a face by first noticing the individual features (eyes, nose, mouth) and then recognizing the face as a whole.

Objects that are close to each other tend to be grouped together. Example: Seeing a set of dots in rows as lines rather than as individual dots.

Symmetrical items are seen as belonging together regardless of their proximity. Example: Two symmetrical faces of a vase are perceived as one object, despite the space between them.