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A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. Typically used when people make judgments about the probability of events based on how easy it is to think of examples.

Used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty. It is assumed that if an object is similar to a category, it is also likely to share many characteristics with that category.

A form of cognitive bias where people start with an initial anchor point and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate. It is commonly used in situations involving estimation of numbers or values.

A type of mental shortcut where people make decisions quickly and effortlessly based on how they feel (their emotions and affect) about the situation. Often used in decision-making processes where rational analysis is difficult or not feasible.

A heuristic in which people are more likely to believe that objects they recognize (or have previously been exposed to) are more likely to be true or are of greater importance. It's commonly used in making decisions under uncertainty.

This heuristic involves how easy it is for people to visualize or simulate an event mentally, which in turn affects their estimate of the likelihood or frequency of the event. It's typically used when imagination or projection into future scenarios is needed.

A heuristic where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was probably wrong. It is mostly observed in situations involving 'sunk costs'.

A cognitive bias where people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented; through positive or negative framing. It affects decision-making when identical information is presented in different ways.

A tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have foreseen or predicted the outcome. It's typically used when people assess the predictability of events after they have happened.

When people ignore or underweight base-rate information (generic, general information) and focus on specific information (information only pertaining to a certain case). It often occurs in judgments involving probability and risk assessment.

Occurs when people assume that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one. It's typically used when assessing the probability of combined events.

A mental heuristic where people judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its peak (i.e., its most intense point) and at its end, rather than the total sum or average of every moment of the experience.

A cognitive bias where individuals prefer things to stay the same by doing nothing or by sticking with a decision made previously (default choices). This is often observed in decision-making where change is a possibility.

The tendency for people to value something more highly simply because they own it. This effect is used in contexts where ownership influences a person's valuation of an object.