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An ethical principle that involves ensuring the well-being of participants and maximizing potential benefits while minimizing risks. For example, when designing a study, researchers must consider the potential psychological distress participants may endure and work to prevent it.

An ethical principle requiring researchers to refrain from causing harm to participants. For instance, in a study on coping mechanisms after traumatic events, care must be taken not to re-traumatize individuals.

An ethical principle emphasizing the right of an individual to make informed and voluntary decisions. In research, this translates to participants having the full right to withdraw from a study without penalty. For example, in a study involving taking psychological tests, participants should be able to cease participation at any point.

An ethical principle ensuring that research benefits and burdens are distributed fairly among participants. In practice, this means no group should bear more of the burden or receive less of the benefits of research. For example, when selecting a sample for a study, researchers ensure that the sample represents diverse populations fairly.

This principle involves recognizing the autonomous agents and individuals with diminished autonomy; therefore, protecting them more rigorously. An example is obtaining informed consent from participants or, in the case of children, assent and also parental consent.

An ethical principle that requires researchers to provide all relevant information about the study to participants, ensuring that they understand what participation entails before agreeing to participate. For instance, before a clinical trial, participants should know the potential risks and benefits, procedures involved, and their right to withdraw at any time.

An ethical principle to keep private information of participants secure and confidential. In research, keeping data anonymous or using pseudonyms in publications are ways to apply this principle. For example, in psychological assessments, the participants' responses should be coded in a manner that cannot be traced back to them individually.

An ethical principle where the identity of study participants is unknown to even the researchers to protect their privacy. For example, when conducting surveys on sensitive topics, researchers might assign numbers or codes to respondents instead of using names or other identifiers.

Ethical principles that call on researchers to establish relationships of trust and to accept responsibility for their professional behavior. For instance, researchers should adhere to standard protocols and report their findings truthfully. An example is avoiding data fabrication or falsification.