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Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. They have a relatively low penetration power and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air. Alpha radiation is not dangerous when outside the body, but highly dangerous if ingested or inhaled due to its high ionizing power.

Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation. They have high penetration power and require heavy shielding like lead or several inches of concrete to reduce their intensity. Gamma rays are used in medical imaging and treatment, but pose a severe health hazard if not shielded properly, as they can pass through the human body.

Beta particles are high-speed electrons (beta minus) or positrons (beta plus) emitted from the nucleus. They are moderately penetrating, able to pass through a few millimeters of aluminum. Beta radiation can cause burns and damage to living tissue and requires protective clothing to handle safely.

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet light. They can penetrate the human body, which makes them useful for medical radiography, but can also be a health hazard. Shielding is similar to gamma rays, with lead aprons worn for protection during X-ray imaging to prevent unnecessary exposure.