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Alters refractive index with temperature changes, applied in thermal imaging and temperature sensors.

Changes the frequency of light through nonlinear interactions, used in frequency doubling and optical switching.

Splits a beam of light into two or more separate beams, used in optical experiments and photocopiers.

Filters light based on polarization, improving visibility under certain conditions, used in sunglasses and displays.

Used to alter the phase of light waves, applied in interferometry and holography.

Reflects certain wavelengths while allowing others to pass through, widely used in lighting systems.

Allows transmission of certain wavelengths while blocking others, used in cameras and scientific instruments.

Increases reflectance, used in mirrors and laser cavities.

Prevents damage from environmental factors, applied to lenses and outdoor displays.

Changes transparency or color when an electric field is applied, used in smart windows and displays.

Reduces glare and reflection, improves contrast and image quality, used in lenses and screens.