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Continental Philosophy

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Phenomenology

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A philosophical method focusing on the structures of experience and consciousness. Significant for influencing existentialism, hermeneutics, and deconstruction.

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

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Known for his dialectical method, including thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, as well as absolute idealism. Significance includes his influence on political theory, history, and the development of existentialism.

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Michel Foucault

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Theories include power/knowledge, biopolitics, and the concept of discourse. Significant for his influence on post-structuralism and social theory.

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Emmanuel Levinas

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Known for his philosophy of ethics and responsibility, the Other, and the critique of the 'philosophy of the same'. His work significantly impacted ethics and political philosophy.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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Main theories include the will to power, the Übermensch, and the Eternal return of the same. Notable for his critique of Western morality and influence on existentialism and postmodernism.

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Existentialism

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A philosophy emphasizing individual existence, freedom, and choice. Significant for its impact on literature, psychology, and theology.

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Post-Structuralism

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A movement in philosophy and sociology that arose in the 1960s, challenging the stability of meaning and the coherence of structuralist methods. Significant for its impact on literary theory, cultural studies, and critical theory.

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Jürgen Habermas

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Main theories include communicative rationality, the public sphere, and deliberative democracy. Significant for his contributions to sociology, philosophy, and political science.

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Heidegger

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Known for the concepts of Dasein, Being-in-the-World, and the question of the meaning of Being. Influential in existential phenomenology and has had a significant impact on 20th-century philosophy.

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Jean-Paul Sartre

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Important for his works on existentialism, being-for-itself and being-in-itself, and his notion of radical freedom. Impact on existential psychoanalysis and literature.

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Maurice Merleau-Ponty

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Main theories include the primacy of perception, the embodied mind, and intertwining. Significant for contributions to phenomenology and the understanding of human experience and perception.

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Slavoj Žižek

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His main theories include the use of Lacanian psychoanalysis in cultural and political theory, the critique of ideology, and reinterpretations of Hegel. Significant for his contributions to psychoanalysis, Marxism, and film theory.

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Karl Marx

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Theories include historical materialism, the labor theory of value, and the concept of class struggle. Significant for his critique of capitalism and his influence on political science and sociology.

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Julia Kristeva

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Known for her work on semiotics, the concept of intertextuality, and the powers of horror. Important for her influence on feminist theory, psychoanalysis, and literary criticism.

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Immanuel Kant

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Main theories include the categorical imperative, transcendental idealism, and the notion of synthetic a priori knowledge. Significance lies in his profound impact on metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics.

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The Frankfurt School

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A group of theorists associated with critical theory, including the culture industry concept, the theory of reification, and critiques of mass culture. Significant for their interdisciplinary work combining sociology and philosophy.

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Hermeneutics

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The art and science of interpretation, particularly of texts; philosophical hermeneutics expands the concept to the interpretation of human existence itself. Significant in shaping modern understandings of human understanding and social sciences.

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Theodor Adorno

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Important for his work on critical theory, the concept of negative dialectics, and critiques of popular culture and the culture industry. His theories are significant in the study of aesthetics, sociology, and political philosophy.

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Gilles Deleuze

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Known for theories including rhizomes, deterritorialization, and the plane of immanence. Significant for contributions to metaphysics, philosophy of desire, and film theory.

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Max Horkheimer

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Known for his work on critical theory, the idea of instrumental reason, and his critiques of Enlightenment thought. Significant for his role in the Frankfurt School and impact on social theory.

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Albert Camus

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Known for his contributions to absurdism, such as the concept of the Absurd and revolt against meaninglessness. Significant for his work in philosophy, literature, and drama.

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Jacques Derrida

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Main theories include deconstruction, différance, and the critique of presence. Important for his impact on literary theory, philosophy, and law.

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