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Famous Philosophers

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Plato

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Theory of Forms, Allegory of the Cave, Founder of the Academy in Athens

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David Hume

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Empiricism, Skepticism, Problems of induction and causation

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Adam Smith

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Wealth of Nations, Classical economics, Invisible hand

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

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Hegelian dialectic, Absolute idealism, Master-slave dialectic

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Michel Foucault

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Power relations, Discourse analysis, Archaeology of knowledge

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Jürgen Habermas

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Theory of communicative action, Discourse ethics, Public sphere

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René Descartes

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Cartesian dualism, Cogito ergo sum, Methodical Skepticism

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Baruch Spinoza

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Ethics, Pantheism, 'God or Nature'

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Social contract, Noble savage, General Will

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Edmund Husserl

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Phenomenology, Epoché, Intentionality

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Confucius

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Confucianism, Analects, Importance of family and social harmony

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John Rawls

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Theory of justice, Veil of ignorance, Justice as fairness

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Mao Zedong

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Maoism, Marxist-Leninist thought, Cultural Revolution

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Charles Sanders Peirce

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Pragmatism, Semiotics, Philosophy of science

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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Monads, Calculus, Optimism

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Hannah Arendt

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The Human Condition, Banality of evil, 'Vita activa' vs. 'vita contemplativa'

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Jean-Paul Sartre

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Existentialism, Being and Nothingness, Concepts of freedom and bad faith

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Karl Marx

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Marxism, Conflict theory, Materialist conception of history

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Philosophy of language, Picture theory of language, Later work focused on language games

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Michel de Montaigne

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Development of the essay, Skepticism, Personal reflection as a form of philosophical exploration

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Immanuel Kant

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Categorical Imperative, Critiques of Pure Reason, Transcendental Idealism

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Socrates

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Socratic method, Ethical philosophy, Conceptual clarifications

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Søren Kierkegaard

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Existentialism, Leap of faith, Knight of faith

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William James

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Pragmatism, 'The will to believe', Functional psychology

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Alain Badiou

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Being and Event, Set Theory as Ontology, Concept of the 'Event'

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Simone de Beauvoir

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Feminist existentialism, The Second Sex, Ethics of Ambiguity

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Aristotle

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Empiricism, Syllogistic logic, Virtue ethics

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John Locke

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Tabula rasa, Social contract theory, Father of Liberalism

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Martin Heidegger

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Dasein, Being and Time, Question of Being

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Voltaire

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Advocacy of civil liberties, Critique of religion and intolerance, Candide

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Saint Augustine

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Original Sin, Just War theory, Confessions

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Thomas Hobbes

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Leviathan, Social contract, State of nature

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Theodor W. Adorno

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Critical theory, Aesthetic theory, Negative dialectics

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Thomas Aquinas

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Natural theology, Five Ways of proving the existence of God, Fusion of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian thought

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Paulo Freire

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Critical pedagogy, Banking model of education, Pedagogy of the Oppressed

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Noam Chomsky

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Generative grammar, Chomsky hierarchy, Political activism

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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Will to power, Übermensch, Eternal recurrence

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Herbert Marcuse

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One-Dimensional Man, Neo-Marxism, Critique of advanced industrial society

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