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Famous Philosophers
38
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Plato
Theory of Forms, Allegory of the Cave, Founder of the Academy in Athens
Aristotle
Empiricism, Syllogistic logic, Virtue ethics
Immanuel Kant
Categorical Imperative, Critiques of Pure Reason, Transcendental Idealism
René Descartes
Cartesian dualism, Cogito ergo sum, Methodical Skepticism
Friedrich Nietzsche
Will to power, Übermensch, Eternal recurrence
Socrates
Socratic method, Ethical philosophy, Conceptual clarifications
Thomas Aquinas
Natural theology, Five Ways of proving the existence of God, Fusion of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian thought
John Locke
Tabula rasa, Social contract theory, Father of Liberalism
David Hume
Empiricism, Skepticism, Problems of induction and causation
Karl Marx
Marxism, Conflict theory, Materialist conception of history
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Hegelian dialectic, Absolute idealism, Master-slave dialectic
Jean-Paul Sartre
Existentialism, Being and Nothingness, Concepts of freedom and bad faith
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Philosophy of language, Picture theory of language, Later work focused on language games
Baruch Spinoza
Ethics, Pantheism, 'God or Nature'
Simone de Beauvoir
Feminist existentialism, The Second Sex, Ethics of Ambiguity
Confucius
Confucianism, Analects, Importance of family and social harmony
Saint Augustine
Original Sin, Just War theory, Confessions
Michel Foucault
Power relations, Discourse analysis, Archaeology of knowledge
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Social contract, Noble savage, General Will
Martin Heidegger
Dasein, Being and Time, Question of Being
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations, Classical economics, Invisible hand
Voltaire
Advocacy of civil liberties, Critique of religion and intolerance, Candide
Søren Kierkegaard
Existentialism, Leap of faith, Knight of faith
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan, Social contract, State of nature
John Rawls
Theory of justice, Veil of ignorance, Justice as fairness
Paulo Freire
Critical pedagogy, Banking model of education, Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Hannah Arendt
The Human Condition, Banality of evil, 'Vita activa' vs. 'vita contemplativa'
Michel de Montaigne
Development of the essay, Skepticism, Personal reflection as a form of philosophical exploration
William James
Pragmatism, 'The will to believe', Functional psychology
Herbert Marcuse
One-Dimensional Man, Neo-Marxism, Critique of advanced industrial society
Edmund Husserl
Phenomenology, Epoché, Intentionality
Charles Sanders Peirce
Pragmatism, Semiotics, Philosophy of science
Theodor W. Adorno
Critical theory, Aesthetic theory, Negative dialectics
Mao Zedong
Maoism, Marxist-Leninist thought, Cultural Revolution
Alain Badiou
Being and Event, Set Theory as Ontology, Concept of the 'Event'
Jürgen Habermas
Theory of communicative action, Discourse ethics, Public sphere
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Monads, Calculus, Optimism
Noam Chomsky
Generative grammar, Chomsky hierarchy, Political activism
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