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Philosophy and Feminism
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Emma Goldman
Anarchist known for her writing and speeches on anarchist philosophy, women’s rights, and social issues.
bell hooks
Advocated for intersectional feminism, emphasizing the intersection of race, class, and gender.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Developed the concept of 'subaltern' in postcolonial literature, author of 'Can the Subaltern Speak?'.
Gloria Steinem
Key figure in the American feminist movement, established 'Ms. Magazine'.
Angela Davis
Activist and scholar known for her work on race, class, feminism, and the prison-industrial complex.
Simone de Beauvoir
Authored 'The Second Sex', introduced the concept of 'the other' in feminism.
Elaine Showalter
Pioneered gynocriticism, a framework for literary criticism that centers the female experience.
Christine de Pizan
One of the first women to earn a living as a writer, authored 'The Book of the City of Ladies'.
Audre Lorde
Introduced the concept of 'the Master's tools will never dismantle the Master's house'.
Carole Pateman
Her work addresses democratic theory and feminist critiques of contract theory.
Betty Friedan
Author of 'The Feminine Mystique', criticized the idealization of domestic life for women.
Shulamith Firestone
Author of 'The Dialectic of Sex', she proposed a radical view of feminism that called for the abolition of biological family systems.
Sylvia Walby
Developed six overlapping structures that define patriarchy, contributed to feminist sociology.
Judith Butler
Developed the theory of gender performativity.
Julia Kristeva
Her work intersects literature, psychoanalysis, and philosophy, introducing the concept of 'intertextuality'.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman', a foundational feminist text.
Martha Nussbaum
Philosopher whose work incorporates ethics, feminism, and political theory, developed the 'capabilities approach'.
Kimberlé Crenshaw
Coined the term 'intersectionality' to describe the overlapping systems of oppression.
Harriet Taylor Mill
Collaborated with John Stuart Mill, contributed to 'The Subjection of Women'.
Patricia Hill Collins
Developed the concept of 'matrix of domination' in her work on intersectionality.
Luce Irigaray
Philosopher and feminist who argues for 'feminine language' and criticizes male-dominated thinking.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Wrote 'The Yellow Wallpaper', a critique of the patriarchal medical establishment.
Catharine MacKinnon
Her work focuses on sexual harassment and the legal inequalities faced by women.
Rosalind Krauss
Feminist art critic who expanded the discourse of art criticism to include women artists.
Virginia Woolf
Authored 'A Room of One's Own', discussing women's access to both literal and figurative space.
Donna Haraway
Authored 'A Cyborg Manifesto', which challenges traditional boundaries between human and machine.
Hélène Cixous
A leading figure in French feminist literary theory, introduced the concept of 'écriture féminine'.
Nancy Fraser
Philosopher who critiques contemporary theories of recognition and promotes social justice.
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