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Emphasis on individual freedoms, equality, and a limited government. Key figures include John Locke and John Stuart Mill.

Prefers traditional institutions and practices, emphasizes stability and continuity. Key figures include Edmund Burke and Russell Kirk.

Advocates for social ownership of the means of production and egalitarian distribution of wealth. Key figures include Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin.

Seeks a classless society where all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. Key figures include Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Argues for the abolition of the state and all forms of hierarchy. Key figures include Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Emma Goldman.

A far-right ideology emphasizing authoritarian nationalism, dictatorial leadership, and the suppression of opposition. Key figures include Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.

Champions individual liberty as the primary political value, with a focus on limiting the scope of government. Key figures include Robert Nozick and Murray Rothbard.

Concerned with the preservation, restoration, and improvement of the natural environment. Key figures include Rachel Carson and Al Gore.

Seeks to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social equality of genders. Key figures include Simone de Beauvoir and Gloria Steinem.

Advocates for the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland. Key figures include Giuseppe Garibaldi and Marcus Garvey.

An ethical theory that posits that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, usually defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering. Key figures include Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

A method of socio-economic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development. Key figures include Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Key figures include Adam Smith and Milton Friedman.

A modern politico-economic theory favoring free-market capitalism and the reduction of government intervention. Key figures include Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman.

A system of government that is centralized, dictatorial, and requires complete subservience to the state. Key figures include Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong.

Support for the rule of a monarch or monarchical system. Key figures include Louis XIV of France and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Advocacy of improvement or reform, as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are, especially in political matters. Key figures include Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.

Opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes or gaining advantage. Key figures include Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

Political positions based on the interests and perspectives of social groups with which people identify. Examples include movements focused on civil rights based on race, religion, gender, sexuality.

A form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism, protecting the rights of individuals. Key figures include John Rawls and Alexis de Tocqueville.

A form of government in which a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler. The government claims to be guided by divine intervention. Key figures include Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

The political doctrine and practice of unlimited, centralized authority, with no legal or regularized checks on government power. Key figures include Louis XIV of France ('The Sun King').

A perspective that endorses the diversity of different cultures or ethnic groups within a particular society. Key figures include Charles Taylor and Kymlicka.

A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms. Key figures include Vladimir Putin and Lee Kuan Yew.

A political orientation that favors revolutionary change in the structure of society. Key figures include Che Guevara and Rosa Luxemburg.

An international intellectual movement that aims to transform the human condition by developing and making widely available sophisticated technologies to greatly enhance human intellect and physiology. Key figures include Nick Bostrom and Max More.

A political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups. Key figures include Hugo Chavez and Victor Orban.

The rejection of all religious and moral principles, in the belief that life is meaningless. Key figures include Friedrich Nietzsche and Ivan Turgenev.

A broad movement that developed in the mid- to late-20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism, marking a departure from modernism. Key figures include Jean-François Lyotard and Jacques Derrida.