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A philosophical approach to culture, literature, and art that seeks to confront the social, historical, and ideological forces and structures that produce and constrain it.

A late-20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power.

The study of cultures and indigenous peoples and their relationships with historical states or European colonial powers.

An approach that emphasizes empirical evidence and primary sources, often associated with Leopold von Ranke.

The theory that emphasizes the narrative nature of human knowledge, especially historical writing.

A field of history that examines historical processes beyond national boundaries.

Approaches that emphasize the historical context and development of thought.

A style of historiography developed by French historians that stresses long-term social history.

The comparison of different societies which existed during the same time period or shared similar cultural conditions.

The study of ideas in context and how they have shaped or been shaped by their historical setting.

An explanation that accounts for events in terms of their purpose or direction towards an ultimate goal.

A movement in historical writing and thought that began around the First World War to consider a broader range of factors in the understanding of the past.

The study of the interaction between humans and the natural world over time.

The use of statistical and mathematical techniques in history for analyzing vast amounts of historical data.

A method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development.

A branch of history focusing on small units of research, such as an event, community, individual, or a settlement.

An approach that attempts to find a meaningful pattern, purpose, or direction in history.

A branch of history that deals with the study of cultural traditions and the interpretation of cultural symbols over time.

A philosophical theory stating that certain knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by empirical sciences.

An approach that analyzes social structures using the methodologies of anthropology and linguistics.

A genre of historical writing that uses psychological theory to understand the motivations behind historical events.