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Skepticism of grand narratives, fluidity of identity, and ironic self-awareness

Belief in one substance or principle as the fundamental reality

Relativism, rhetoric, and the power of persuasion

Self-interest as moral, laissez-faire capitalism, and objectivity of knowledge

Synthesizing Aristotelian thought with Christian theology

Knowledge from sensory experience, inductive reasoning, tabula rasa

The greatest happiness principle, consequentialism, and hedonic calculus

Autonomy, progress, and the promotion of reason over tradition

Esoteric wisdom, alchemy, and as above, so below

Dialectical materialism, class struggle, and labor theory of value

Truth as a process, practical consequences, and fallibilism

Belief in a rational creator God, religion through reason, rejection of revelation and miracles

Focus on empirical verification, anti-metaphysical stance, and the unity of science

Linguistic analysis, logical positivism, and philosophy of language

Reality as dynamic and interrelated processes, organism over substance

Interdisciplinary critique of society and culture to reveal power structures

Theory of Forms, dualism, and the Academy

Revival of classical texts, individualism, and secularism

Critique of patriarchy, gender norms, and the politics of sex and identity

Character and virtues as central to ethical thinking, moral development, and the good life

Analysis of cultural phenomena through linguistic structures

Naturalism and the quest for the arche, early metaphysics

Socratic method, ethical philosophy, and dialectical reasoning

Emphasis on emotion, subjectivity, and glorification of the past

Historical analysis, subjective experience, and social critique

The One, emanation, and asceticism

Clarity of expression, language use in common contexts, rejection of traditional metaphysics

Innate ideas, deductive reasoning, and mathematical certainty

Absurdity of existence, freedom of choice, and individual authenticity

Empiricism, teleology, and logical treatises

Virtue ethics, determinism, and cosmopolitanism

Hedonism, atomism, and pleasure as the absence of suffering

Deconstruction, the instability of meaning, and critique of totalizing philosophies

Innate goodness of humankind, individual conscience, and intuition