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Naturalism and the quest for the arche, early metaphysics

Relativism, rhetoric, and the power of persuasion

Socratic method, ethical philosophy, and dialectical reasoning

Theory of Forms, dualism, and the Academy

Empiricism, teleology, and logical treatises

Virtue ethics, determinism, and cosmopolitanism

Hedonism, atomism, and pleasure as the absence of suffering

The One, emanation, and asceticism

Synthesizing Aristotelian thought with Christian theology

Revival of classical texts, individualism, and secularism

Innate ideas, deductive reasoning, and mathematical certainty

Knowledge from sensory experience, inductive reasoning, tabula rasa

Autonomy, progress, and the promotion of reason over tradition

Emphasis on emotion, subjectivity, and glorification of the past

The greatest happiness principle, consequentialism, and hedonic calculus

Dialectical materialism, class struggle, and labor theory of value

Absurdity of existence, freedom of choice, and individual authenticity

Truth as a process, practical consequences, and fallibilism

Analysis of cultural phenomena through linguistic structures

Deconstruction, the instability of meaning, and critique of totalizing philosophies

Linguistic analysis, logical positivism, and philosophy of language

Study of phenomena as they appear in consciousness, intentionality, and the lifeworld

Esoteric wisdom, alchemy, and as above, so below

Reality as dynamic and interrelated processes, organism over substance

Belief in a rational creator God, religion through reason, rejection of revelation and miracles

Critique of patriarchy, gender norms, and the politics of sex and identity

Skepticism of grand narratives, fluidity of identity, and ironic self-awareness

Historical analysis, subjective experience, and social critique

Interdisciplinary critique of society and culture to reveal power structures

Innate goodness of humankind, individual conscience, and intuition

Clarity of expression, language use in common contexts, rejection of traditional metaphysics

Self-interest as moral, laissez-faire capitalism, and objectivity of knowledge

Character and virtues as central to ethical thinking, moral development, and the good life

Focus on empirical verification, anti-metaphysical stance, and the unity of science