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Plato advocated for a philosopher-king and a stratified society. He is the author of 'The Republic' and developed the theory of forms.

Aristotle emphasized a mixed government and natural law. His political work is documented in 'Politics' and he tutored Alexander the Great.

Machiavelli is known for his pragmatic approach to power, detailed in 'The Prince'. He argued for the effectiveness of fear over love.

Hobbes believed in absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings ('Leviathan').

Locke's political thought emphasized natural rights and the social contract ('Two Treatises of Government'). He is often called the Father of Liberalism.

Rousseau believed in the general will and direct democracy. His works include 'The Social Contract' and 'Discourse on Inequality'.

Montesquieu advocated for the separation of powers in his work 'The Spirit of the Laws'. This greatly influenced the development of modern governments.

Marx is known for his critical analysis of capitalism and his theory of historical materialism outlined in 'The Communist Manifesto' and 'Das Kapital'.

Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism and liberty. His significant works include 'On Liberty' and 'Utilitarianism'.

Nietzsche criticized traditional moral values and democracy. His ideas on will to power and the Ubermensch are discussed in 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra'.

Arendt explored the nature of power and totalitarianism. Her important works include 'The Human Condition' and 'Eichmann in Jerusalem'.

Rawls is known for his theory of justice as fairness and the original position, as detailed in 'A Theory of Justice'.

Foucault's ideas focused on power relationships and social institutions. His influential works include 'Discipline and Punish' and 'The History of Sexuality'.

Paine was a proponent of popular sovereignty and an early advocate of democracy. He is known for 'Common Sense' and 'The Rights of Man'.