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Invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage in the U.S. by ruling that they violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the 14th Amendment.

Established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws, statutes, and some government actions that contravene the U.S. Constitution.

Held that the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel means that criminal defendants must be provided an attorney free of charge if they cannot afford one themselves.

Struck down key parts of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by holding that the coverage formula used to determine which areas were subject to preclearance was unconstitutional.

Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine, which stood until the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Established that students do not lose their First Amendment rights of speech at public schools, provided the speech does not disrupt classroom work or school discipline.

Confirmed the supremacy of federal over state law and established the implicit powers of Congress by allowing the creation of a national bank.

Ruled that a law automatically preferring men to women as estate administrators was discriminatory, marking the first time the Supreme Court struck down a law on the basis of gender discrimination.

Legalized abortion nationwide by ruling that state laws restricting it were unconstitutional, based on the right to privacy implied in the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.

Resolved the 2000 presidential election by ending the Florida recount, ultimately resulting in George W. Bush winning the presidency.

Held that the free speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for political communications by corporations, including nonprofit corporations, labor unions, and other associations.

Invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states by holding that such acts are protected speech under the First Amendment.

Struck down a Connecticut law banning contraception by establishing that the Constitution guarantees a right to privacy.

Held that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools.

Protected the freedom of the press by holding that the government could not preemptively stop the publication of classified information unless it could prove direct and immediate harm to U.S. national security.

Decided that redistricting issues present justiciable questions, leading to the 'one person, one vote' doctrine and making legislative redistricting a judicial question.

Legalized same-sex marriage across all 50 states by ruling that state bans on same-sex marriage and on recognizing same-sex marriages legally performed in other jurisdictions are unconstitutional under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the 14th Amendment.

Declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional; helped dismantle racial segregation in the United States.

Ruled that African Americans, whether free or slave, could not be American citizens and thus had no standing to sue in federal court; also declared that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the territories.

Upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a valid exercise of wartime authority; widely criticized in later years and effectively overruled.

Led to the creation of 'Miranda rights' whereby detained criminal suspects must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination prior to police questioning.

Established the 'exclusionary rule' for evidence found in violation of the 4th Amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

Limited the power of the U.S. president to claim executive privilege in an effort to withhold information in the context of a judicial trial.

Ruled that a law requiring Amish children to attend school past the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause of the First Amendment.